Journal of Marine and Island Cultures

Open Access Journal — ISSN 2212-6821

Issues

v12n3, 2023

Special Section: Joint Research Projects of LINKAGE project of RIHN

Biocultural theory and Islandness
  1. AbstractKeywords

    Humans have long utilized the surrounding landscape and organisms as life resources and developed new species of organisms through cultivation. The utilization of biodiversity has played a vital role in advancing human culture, specifically regarding food and habitation. This accumulated knowledge on the ecosystem has transcended geographical boundaries of rivers, mountains, and seas, spreading to other countries where it has been adjusted or adopted. In addition, the languages and dialects of ethnic minorities, which comprise the biocultural diversity within the ecosystem, are becoming fragmented or disappearing as a result of syncretism due to impact of rapid westernization, urbanization, and development. Indigenous languages contain countless terminologies that reflect ecological characteristics of organisms and resources within a specific region, and if the ecosystem no longer exists, the language also disappears. Preserving and sustainably using indiscreetly-exploited natural ecosystems and biological resources is the way to protect and sustain the value of culture. Culture develops with high dependence on biological resources. World organizations such as IUCN, CBD, and UNESCO have already reported that the growing human population will increasingly rely on bio(resource)diversity. Like such, the relationship between biodiversity and cultural diversity, as demonstrated through flexibility, dynamics, and complementation observed during the interaction between these two paradigms, has emerged as a crucial model for achieving balance and coexistence necessary for human survival in the future. This paper will discuss the value of biocultural diversity, focusing on the relationship between geographical and typological characteristics of the island and seascape as well as the utilization of ecological resources. This study will further discuss how human geographical changes caused by socioeconomic influence within an island affect biocultural diversity and islandness through cases of island region in South Korea, Iriomote Island of Okinawa, and Pulau Madura, Indonesia.

    biocultural diversity, geography, islandness, typology, seascape

  2. AbstractKeywords

    The article discusses the importance of linking policy and local culture to achieve the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. The Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Brazil in June 1992, with the aim of addressing biological diversity in cooperation with the global community. This Convention not only stipulates the conservation of biological diversity but also the sustainability of cultures and societies in human activities, including the protection of traditional cultures with respect to resource use and the equitable sharing of benefits. The interaction between region-specific biodiversity and cultural diversity was subsequently clarified using a biocultural approach by Mafii et al. In recent years, the concept of biocultural diversity has gained increasing attention in ecosystem conservation as it relates to biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and the fulfillment of human potential. This study focuses on the regional biodiversity strategy of Okinawa Prefecture, a World Natural Heritage-listed biodiversity treasure, and reveals the process by which local biocultural values rooted in regional uniqueness were adopted as indicator items to evaluate biodiversity strategies in response to global policy imperatives. The paper examines how biocultural values and policy imperatives interact to define environmental policy at the prefectural level, which lies "between" the two. The wisdom and creativity of biocultural diversity is not only a treasure inherited from the past but also a compass for living with nature toward the future. To create an island society based on sustainable and enriched interactions between humanity and nature, it is urgent to deepen specific research in the Ryukyu Arc as a comparative study through exchanges with biocultural diversity researchers and local communities in the Pacific and Southeast Asia.

    Biocultural diversity, biocultural values, biodiversity conservation policies, regional biodiversity strategy, traditional ecological knowledge, Island

Culture
  1. AbstractKeywords

    This article describes the methods of toxicity removal for Cycas revoluta Thunb., used as food on the islands of Amami and Okinawa in the Ryukyu Arc. Regional differences were found in the method of toxin removal from the trunk, which was perceived to make no difference in previous studies. A map showing the geographic distribution of these toxicity removal methods was generated, and the historical origins of the differences in the techniques were discussed. Then, we compared it with the Guam case, where cycads used to be a daily food source. Cycad is still produced as a traditional delicacy in Amami and Okinawa, where cycad consumption was encouraged by the local government, and safe methods of detoxifying the cycad were well known. Beautiful cycad forests can still be seen here and there, especially in Amami. However, in Guam, cycads have been banned since the time of Spanish governors and are not consumed at all. Consequently, they are on the verge of extinction.

    detoxification, cycad, Amami, Okinawa, Guam, biocultural diversity

  2. AbstractKeywords

    Before the 1960s, in the islands of the Ryukyu Archipelago, there were natural landscapes that were formed in relationship between people’s livelihoods and nature, which could be called “island’s satoyama”. Even though the islands belong to the same Ryukyu Archipelago, the “island’s satoyama” varies greatly among   islands. In this study, I attempted to understand the diversity of the “island’s satoyama” from fish poison plants. As a result of my survey, in total, 41 species of fish poison plants belonging to 24 families were recorded from the islands of the Ryukyu Archipelago. The number of species used as fish poison plants differed greatly between the high islands and the low islands. In addition, the use of fish poison plants differed depending on the livelihood of the people and their connection to other islands.

    Ryukyu Archipelago, high island, low island, biocultural diversity, fish poison

Governance
  1. AbstractKeywords

    Adaptive governance is increasingly known as a salient factor in enhancing capacity particularly in sustainable development in small islands. Considering how small islands are vulnerable to changes, it is important to determine how islandness influence both social and ecological components of a socio-ecological system and what are the various types of governance contexts in islands that are existing in literature. With that aim in mind, we conducted a systematic review of adaptive governance research in small islands based on 43 peer-reviewed articles. We generated research clusters and gaps based on content analysis and examine the key dimensions where adaptive governance principles are used or adopted. Our main findings include: dominant research field (i.e., island resource governance, climate risk governance), adaptive governance dimensions (i.e., governance structure and framework, stakeholder capacity, planning and development), scale/level of research, most common methodologies (questionnaire survey, interviews, and group workshops, mixed methods, action research). Based on the result, future directions for adaptive governance research in small islands are identified—most of which covers stakeholder characterization and clarification of the diverse set of actors and capacities that support implementation of adaptive governance in multiple scales and processes. Furthermore, identification and analysis of the risks and uncertainties that are existing in small islands, coupled with the associated cause-and-effect and cross-scale processes, are needed. Finally, we recommend that island’s geographical and cultural contexts be considered in institutionalization of adaptive governance principles and approaches in small island settings.

    adaptive governance, islandness, small islands, systematic review, content analysis

Learning with Local community
  1. AbstractKeywords

    This article describes the traditional culture of Yonaguni Island, located at the southwestern tip of the Ryukyu Arc. It presents traditions passed down to the present day to Ms. Wakaranko, a native speaker of Yonaguni, which is in danger of extinction. Ms. Wakaranko, born in 1954, has continued practicing the island’s traditional lifestyle and seasonal prayers, which have fallen out of practice today. From the records of her innumerable memories, we selected a set of drawings and explanations that illustrate the island’s biocultural diversity and cosmology. We published them as an artbook with texts in Dunan Munui (Yonaguni language) with detailed iconographic analyses. The resulting publication reveals the island’s history and islanders’ understanding of the relationship between the cultural, natural, and supernatural worlds. It illustrates a resilient social system that allows for the sustainable use of local natural resources and how residents withstood unexpected climate change and natural calamities. Thus, the book’s content provides important lessons for the present and the future. Over our 33 years of collaboration with Ms. Wakaranko, we have had to confront questions concerning research ethics: who are the real actors in area studies, and what is the role of researchers as external supporters of the islands?

    Yonaguni Island, Ryukyu Arc, languages in danger, cosmology, iconography, research ethics

  2. AbstractKeywords

    What lessons have we learned from the changing landscape of the food habitus in Okinawa? This study focuses on the narrative of a centenarian regarding his childhood memories of food. Food is closely related to the environment; hence, inhabitants internalize their environment through food habitus. Okinawa was famous for its longevity, but now, owing to globalization and Americanization, it has lost its prestigious status. Nostalgically remembering the past is not enough to create a sustainable future. We need to notice the importance of the present: the present will be the past when seen from the viewpoint of the future. With such transition of standpoint, the present food habitus should be viewed differently. Our centenarian’s long life resulted from his life on the island. Islandness, or fudo in this study, supported his hundred years of life. However, repeating his life is impossible for us. We can look our past and future in order to observe our present differently. The centenarians’ childhood narratives enabled us to realize this.

    Okinawa, Longevity, Food, Islandness, Fudo, Sustainability

  3. AbstractKeywords

    The sea is a space where ‘humans, materials, and information’ come and go. Given the abundant resources it provides, the sea has been significant in human culture until the present day. In particular, humans have made great advances in technological development and knowledge acquisition in relation to the use of fishing grounds. A characteristic example is the use of stone tidal weirs, a traditional fishing method that utilizes tidal differences and can be found all around the world. Stone tidal weirs have played an important role as a means of subsistence in the lives and livelihoods of islanders. This study, part of a bio-cultural diversity research study on the ecological and cultural characteristics of primitive traditional fisheries in island areas, was conducted in the island region of Shinan-gun, which has the largest number of islands in Korea and a sizeable tidal range. The study comprised a literature review, interviews with residents, and field surveys. Currently, there is no place where this traditional and primitive fishing method is used except for tourism purposes such as fishing village experiences. However, with the growing attention for nature-based solutions and community cooperation for marine ecosystem conservation, these traditional fishing methods are gaining renewed interest. This paper aims to discover the original fishing methods of the Southwest Sea islands and shed new light on their value in different respects, so that they can be used for ecotourism, education, exhibition, and scholarly activities in the future.

    Korea, nature-based solutions, Shinan-gun, Stone Tidal Weirs, traditional fishing

Research Articles

  1. Island public administrations as the expression of the island political power in the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands PDF Alberto Javier Báez-García, Francisco Flores-Muñoz, Josué Gutiérrez-Barroso, & Antoni Marimon-Riutort 10.21463/jmic.2023.12.3.09
    AbstractKeywords

    The Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands are two archipelagos that form part of Spain and the European Union. Both are autonomous communities, with institutions that foist administrative peculiarities on their respective archipelagos. Each of the islands has an island council as a governing and administrative body with specific competences to be developed in its territory. The creation of the island councils of the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands represents a specificity within the insular framework of the European Union. Their evolution has been uneven since cabildos were created in the Canary Islands in 1912 and consells in the Balearic Islands in 1978; but currently they have a similar position in the overall archipelagos and in the Spanish legal framework. This article tracks the common evolution of the island councils, as well as their current development and future prospects.

    public administration, island council, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands

  2. AbstractKeywords

    Rivers are known to be the emitters of waste in the world’s oceans. Most of the top ten rivers that contribute to the waste in the world’s oceans are situated in the Philippines indicating poor solid waste management in the country. Studies focusing on the pro-environmental behaviors among the riverside communities in the country are very limited. Thus, this study investigates the factors affecting the intention to implement pro-environmental behaviors among the riverside communities along the Cotabato City rivers, Mindanao Island. This study utilizes the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model to determine the factors affecting the intention to implement pro-environmental behaviors (n = 387). Results showed that Attitude (ATT) and Subjective Norms (SN) have significant direct effects on the intention to implement pro-environmental behaviors among the respondents. Moderation analysis showed that gender has significant effects on the relationship between Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) and Intention (IN) to implement pro-environmental behaviors. The results of this study may provide insights into the policy design to promote and enhance the resident’s intention to implement pro-environmental behaviors for river conservation and protection. Extending the TPB model to assess other internal and external factors that may affect pro-environmental behaviors is recommended for future studies.

    plastic pollution, river conservation, structural equation modeling, theory of planned behavior

  3. AbstractKeywords

    To measure influences of environmental factors and population on Living Tool Diversity (LTD) in 10 islands of Shinan-gun, the number of living tools was determined. Correlation analysis, simple linear regression analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed. Results showed that coastline length and population were positively related to LTD and thus, island size and human dynamics. PCA results showed that living tools could be classified into four groups and that islands could be classified into three groups. Living tool-environmental biplot showed that: 1) the first group composed of AG tools was related to human dynamics as PO, CL, and IA; 2) the second group composed of FI tools was related to island biogeography as DM and PS; 3) the third group composed of FP tools was related to geographical coordinates as LA and LO; 4) the fourth group composed of TA, CO, BR, FS, PM, and CT had weaker correlations than other groups. Island-environmental biplot showed that: 1) the first group composed of R7 and R9 was related to AG and FP tools; 2) the second group composed of R2 was related to FI tools; and 3) the third group composed of R3, R6, R8, and R10 was related to TA, CO, BR, FS, PM, and CT tools. Regression and PCA models accounted for most of the variation of LTD by population and environmental factors across Shinan-gun islands of South Korea.

    environmental factors, island biogeography, island region, living tool diversity (LTD), Shinan-gun, Korea

  4. AbstractKeywords

    Forest land conversion into rice fields, palm oil, and mining caused unsustainable development, deforestation, local wisdom undermining, and persistent poverty in Maluku, Eastern Indonesia. We describe, redefine, and promote the Dusung agroforestry systems. This indigenous technology of Ambon Island is sustainable, fits the local environment, and is adaptable to community resilience to manage external disruptions. We used a partial least square-structural equational model to examine associations among land property rights, plant biodiversity, productivity, livelihoods, and poverty reduction. We surveyed 139 selected heads of households from four villages through in-depth interviews, field observation, and focus group discussions. Dusung agroforestry systems (DAFs) comprise five interdependent subsystems, from the forest to the coast, driven by embedded local values to avoid excessive land and aquatic resource use. Average annual household income from DAFs was above the poverty line, but the poverty rate was high. Agriculture, fishery, and nonfarm are complementary livelihood strategies to support household income. Per the model, secure land property rights and productivity have high performance to support agricultural income and to reduce poverty. This implies that the DAFs should improve as the guardian of community resilience to maintain sustainable ecology and poverty reduction on small islands.

    Dusung systems, land property rights, livelihoods, poverty, Ambon island

  5. The Opportunities of Stakeholders’ Cooperation in Marine Tourism Governance in Small Tropical Islands of Indonesia PDF Triyono, Budhi Gunawan, Yudi Nurul Ihsan, Herry Jogaswara, Puji Rahmadi, Kevin Muhamad Lukman, Pratita Budi Utami, Nurul Dhewani Mirah Sjafrie, & Vera Bararah Barid 10.21463/jmic.2023.12.3.13
    AbstractKeywords

    Tourism is a multi-actor system in which each involved actor is allowed to intervene in its development and operationalization. Analyzing the relationship among the actors of tourism (stakeholders) is a valuable guideline to determine the appropriate pattern of governance. This study aimed to identify stakeholders, describe actors' strengths and attitudes toward marine tourism development goals, and analyze the connectivity patterns among tourism actors in Pari Island, Jakarta, Indonesia. This study was done by conducting in-depth interviews (September 2022) involving 23 respondents as tourism stakeholders’ representatives. A focus group discussion was also done (October 2022) to obtain feedback on the interview results. We used Matrix of Alliances and Conflicts: Tactics, Objectives, and Recommendations (MACTOR) analysis to answer the research objectives. Results showed that marine protected area activists, local travel agents, community leaders, and local citizens were the central actors playing a crucial role in balancing various goals for tourism development. Fortunately, there were no divergences detected among actors. Thus, the possibility of contraposition or conflict between actors is minimal, and all actors have the potential to be invited to work together in realizing sustainable tourism in Pari Island.

    Marine tourism, small islands, stakeholder, MACTOR, Pari Island

  6. Gendered Perception of Forests Over Limestone Ecosystem Services and Conservation Actions in Guiuan Marine Reserve Protected Landscape and Seascape (GMRPLS), Guiuan, Eastern Samar, Philippines PDF Noba F. Hilvano, Inocencio E. Buot, Jr., Ren Divien R. Obeña, Marne G. Origenes, Jonathan O. Hernandez, Diana Shane A. Balindo, & Edelyn O. Echapare 10.21463/jmic.2023.12.3.14
    AbstractKeywords

    Conservation of forests over limestone (FOL), a unique and fragile ecosystem, is critical to ensure the sustainability of both nature and human communities in the vicinities. A survey was conducted to determine the gendered perception about the FOL, the importance of its ecosystem services, and conservation actions in Guiuan Marine Reserve Protected Landscape and Seascape (GMRPLS), Guiuan, Eastern Samar, Philippines. About 541 men and women of barangays Pagnamitan, Ngolos, Baras, and Sulangan, Guiuan, Eastern Samar participated. Both men (3%) and women (2%) in GMRPLS were involved in the conservation of FOL, e.g., policymaking, awareness campaigns, tree planting, and other activities. Also, about 8% of women (W) and 7% of men (M) were interested in participating in conservation actions. The men and women in GMRPLS were slightly to very well familiar (M=92%, W=90%) and aware (M=94%, W=92%) of FOL. The men (96%) and women (94%) were also slightly to very well aware that the FOL is protected by law and managed by an agency. Also, the men and women considered the ecosystem services of FOL critical, e.g., protection against typhoons, water, fresh air, and wildlife habitat. Conservation actions such as conducting forest information dissemination, participating in conservation programs, planting seedlings, and enacting a localized biodiversity conservation strategy specific to FOL were recommended by the men and women in GMRPLS. Forest regulation and governance of all concerned are necessary to ensure the FOL's sustainability and the continued enjoyment of the communities of its ecosystem services. Moreover, the study suggests extension activities, e.g., information and education campaigns in these barangays, to increase their awareness and appreciation of FOL and encourage their engagement in FOL conservation.

    awareness, conservation action, Forests over limestone (FOL), gender role, Kaigangan

  7. The Trap of the Blue Economy: Evidence from Lombok Island, Indonesia PDF Baiq Wardhani, Vinsensio Dugis, Yohanes W. Santoso, Latifah, A. Safril Mubah, Ya-Wen Yu, & Annisa Pratamasari 10.21463/jmic.2023.12.3.15
    AbstractKeywords

    Besides being known for its natural tourist destinations and beautiful beaches, Lombok Island in Indonesia is also known for its abundant marine and fishery potential, which can be used as development vehicles for the island’s people. However, its richness in marine resources does not contribute significantly to its people’s living standards and economic development. This research aims to investigate the practice of the Blue Economy in a marine wealth region. While many disciplines touch upon the concept of a Blue Economy, little research has examined the ocean-poverty connection in Lombok Island. This article argues that the potential of Lombok’s Blue Economy has not alleviated poverty since the local condition does not support a tendency against romanticizing the notion of Blue Economy as a global developmental platform. The substantial marine potential of the island cannot provide maximum benefit for the people’s welfare due to multiple factors, including financial, human resources, infrastructure, and the government’s goodwill. The significance of this research presents empirical evidence of a missing link in the ocean-poverty nexus. This research examines five drivers of the Blue Economy on the island: pearl, seaweed, fisheries, mangrove, and marine tourism. We maintain a paradox of plenty on the island since the potential from these drivers is immense to address the poverty in Lombok, yet the progress seems idle.

    Blue Economy, Lombok Island, marine resource, poverty reduction

  8. AbstractKeywords

    The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating effect of depression in the relationship between the economic status and suicidal behavior of rural elderly individuals. To achieve the purpose of the research, the raw data from the Elderly Welfare Center Survey Report conducted at Jindo-gun county Elderly Welfare Center was used. The subject of the investigation is 1,088 elderly residents of Jindo-gun county, and the data collection period was from July to November 2019. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 27.0. The research findings revealed a partial mediating effect of depression in the relationship between the economic status and suicidal behavior of rural elderly individuals. Based on these findings, practical and policy recommendations have been proposed to reduce suicidal behavior among rural elderly individuals.

    Rural Elderly Population, Economic Status, Suicidal Behavior, Depression

  9. AbstractKeywords

    Happiness is a current topic being exposed by emerging markets. In a constructive analogy, happiness is not only discussing the distribution of wealth, but also the revitalization of the environment that allows people to enjoy productive, long and healthy lives. Apart from generating profits, one of the company's dedications is distributing CSR. Companies that have capabilities must also be sensitive to WLB, especially to residents who live near the operating area. This study elaborates on the link between CSR and happiness through WLB. Of the 273 sample quotas, 214 of them agreed to be interviewed. Respondents who were invited were small fishermen from East Sebatik Island who received CSR financing from active companies engaged in coastal tourism and sand mining. With the CFA method, the following conclusions are found: (1) allocation from CSR strengthens WLB; (2) WLB plays a direct role in meaning of life and satisfactions, but not in feelings; (3) through WLB, CSR supports the meaning of life and satisfactions positively; (4) CSR actually does not affect the feelings mediated by WLB. For the case on East Sebatik, CSR practices in distributing grants to small fishermen are short-term in nature. In the principle of a sustainable environment, CSR transfer must contain things that are more comprehensive. The motivation for this research is to contribute to the practical interests of stakeholder actors, especially the government, by paying more attention to long-term policies in the fisheries sector. In addition, theoretical development is aimed at improving methodology in assessing fishermen's happiness to be more current, relevant, and specific by considering aspects beyond social and economic.

    Small fishermen, coorporate social responsibility, work-life balance, meaning of life, feelings, satisfactions

  10. AbstractKeywords

    In the absence of formal governance, the patron-client relationships have become a common internal dynamic among tropical fishing communities. Earlier research examined the numerous benefits exchanged between fishers and patrons, as well as their socioeconomic and environmental implications. Most of the research, however, emphasized a place-based perspective that focused on middlemen as the key patrons and only revealed the importance of relationships in fisheries and disaster management. This study explores the potential role of diverse patron-client relationships in the transformative capacity of Sama-Bajau fishers to the impacts and risks of climate change. Wangi-Wangi Island of Wakatobi was selected as the site of an exploratory qualitative case study involving 14 fishers and six different patrons living in and outside the locality of the fishers. The study collected and analysed data through in-depth interviews, informal conversations, field observation, and secondary sources. Findings indicate that fishers who collaborate with a variety of patrons residing within and outside their localities can reduce power disparities in their fishing activities. As a result, they could develop a transformative capacity to manage the impacts and potential risks of climate change. Future research should examine diverse patrons' role in developing the social resilience of fishing individuals, households, and communities.

    Patron-Client Relationships, Transformative Capacity, Climate Change, Bajau Fishermen, Wakatobi, Bajau Fishers Community

  11. AbstractKeywords

    Entrepreneurship education is deemed important in the discourse of community empowerment and development, especially in coastal communities where poverty is widespread. With adequate entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial intention can be fostered among local fisherfolks and aquafarmers for business creation. This could be achieved through the use of educational materials and learning technologies. However, for better communication of this knowledge to the locals, using a medium of their preference suitable to their level of knowledge on learning technologies should be taken into consideration. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the preferred type of educational materials and the level of knowledge and skills of fisherfolks and aquafarmers on available learning technologies. We conducted a face-to-face survey interview using a Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) tool in 11 coastal communities in Palawan, Philippines (N=395). Results of this study revealed that the majority of the participants identified listening to a lecture, seminar, and workshop (88.9%) as their highly preferred medium of learning. This was followed by charts, diagrams, and pictures (82.6%), flyers, calendars, and books (73.5%), video (73.3%), audio (through hearing) (44.7%), and songs, jingles, and chants (35.1%). The majority of the participants (57%-88%) claimed that their level of knowledge in using spreadsheets, word processors, presentation tools, laptops, internet browsing, and smartphones is generally poor. It was then explored how these preferences and levels of knowledge can be predicted by age, gender, ethnicity, and educational background using Linear Regression Analysis. The data suggested that among these predictors, only age significantly affected the learning materials preferences. On the other hand, the level of knowledge on available learning technologies differed by age, ethnicity, and educational background but not by gender. Our findings can be used as a basis for decisions in the transfer of knowledge among local fisherfolks and aquafarmers. Furthermore, it can aid in designing and creating potentially effective educational materials for the coastal communities in Palawan.

    aquafarmers, entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial intention, learning materials, learning styles

  12. Traditional Knowledge and Origin of Maritime Territorialisation Idea in Indonesia PDF Singgih Tri Sulistiyono, Yety Rochwulaningsih, Noor Naelil Masruroh, Haryono Rinardi, & Ismail Ali 10.21463/jmic.2023.12.3.20
    AbstractKeywords

    This article examines how the idea of an archipelagic state in Indonesia has its roots in the nation’s traditional view of the unity of land (islands) and sea space. By using archival sources accessed in the Netherlands and Indonesia as well as newspapers and magazines published during the 19th century. Earlier studies on maritime territorialisation have predominantly focused on the legislative process of the law of the sea (UNCLOS) and the government’s challenges in gaining international recognition for its ‘archipelagic state’ status as well as territorial claim according to different views among the different ethnic groups regarding the ownership, control and use of the sea in their respective territories. This article argues that although maritime territorialisation is a modern maritime law, in Indonesia it has strong historical roots and it is coloured by traditional knowledge.

    Traditional Knowledge, Colonialism, Maritime Territorialisation, Archipelagic State

  13. AbstractKeywords

    Homegarden is part of an interesting cultural landscape in tropical areas, such as on the island of Lombok, Indonesia. Sasak is a native tribe in Lombok Island. Plants that grow in open spaces around the home are called homegarden plants. The owners of homegarden use them for a variety of purposes. There hasn't been much research done on the flora of Lombok Island. The diversity of plants in homegarden around Mandalika, Lombok Island has not been documented until now. This research was conducted to determine the diversity of homegarden plants and their use by the Sasak tribe community in villages around Mandalika, Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. The research was conducted using a purposive sampling method. Based on the research, there are 97 families, 304 genera, and 428 plant species. Homegardens in villages around Mandalika, Lombok Island have a high diversity of plant species. Homegarden plants are used for food, ornamental, animal feed, shade, medicine, rituals, industrial, handicrafts, and building materials. Homegardens have the potential for development of sustainable tourism in villages around Mandalika, Lombok Island.

    Useful Plants, Cultural Landscape, Species Diversity, Local Community, Ecocultural Tourism

  14. AbstractKeywords

    The policy of cultural creative industries is regarded as an important contributor to accelerate economic growth and employment creation in Taiwan. Developing cultural creative products is crucial for expressing cultural values, establishing brand images, and creating business value. This study proposes a novel design process model for developing cultural creative products, which was tested and applied via a realistic case study, i.e. designing a lamp from kelp. The case study was conducted through a practice-based research approach, i.e. research through design (Schneider, 2007). A series of workshops were carefully organised to form a structured design decision-making process for conducting the case study, in which 31 novice designers as participants had to make critical decisions in the end of every workshop. Three different data collection methods were simultaneously applied during the workshops: observation, research diary, and interviews. It was demonstrated that the proposed design process model could facilitate the efficiency of design project and guide the participants to being identifying and using proper design methods to deal with different design issues in different phases. The study's outcomes indicate the effectiveness of the design process model, making it a valuable reference for developing various types of cultural creative products.

    Cultural creative product, Design process model, Research through design

Research Note

  1. AbstractKeywords

    The relationships between bread and tourism are scarcely developed in previous research in marine and island cultures. Based on interviews with six tourists to the city of Aberdeen, north-eastern Scotland (United Kingdom), this research note shows the motivations and experiences in relation to bread tourism. Results describe six bread tourists in relation to six baked products which are part of the culinary tradition of the region. The paper also discusses the theoretical and practical implications for bread-based food tourism management and marketing.

    bakery, culinary heritage, gastronomy, marine environments

v12n2, 2023

  1. AbstractKeywords

    Preliminary research has shown that blue spaces provide many benefits to health and well-being. In response to the call for a deeper investigation into this area of inquiry, the current study seeks input from those (N=37) who live on islands in the Northeast region of the United States. Previous findings about the significance of having access to nature, identifying it as a favorite part and most influential reason for living on an island, were reaffirmed. Distinctions between island and mainland life were highlighted, emphasizing the importance of community. This study also brought to light participants’ grave concerns about issues such as housing costs, overdevelopment of the island, and the impact of tourism, providing a multifaceted view of life in an island blue space. It is hoped that these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of living in a blue space that can be applied to both island and non-island populations.

    island, nature, well-being, tourism

  2. AbstractKeywords

    The effects of securing islands to mainlands or other islands via fixed links have been discussed in Island Studies for some time. Debate has often concerned the extent to which islands are ‘de-islanded’ by various forms of links, the extent to which forms of island(ish) identity persist in human perceptions and/or official discourse around such locations and whether the latter effect the perception, management and administration of these locales. A British colony was established on Indigenous land in (what is now known as) Sydney Harbour in 1788 and colonists began modifying various islands soon after. While there is one bridged island in Sydney Harbour (Rocky Point), the most dramatic alteration of locales has involved the infilling and linkage of islands to the Harbour’s shores. Following an overview of the various islands of Sydney Harbour, the article examines the historical development of five areas that have been affixed to shores by infilling and now comprise peninsulas: Berry Island, Darling Island, Garden Island, Glebe Island and Tubowgule. The article examines the nature of development of the former islands, public and policy issues concerning their use and development and the differing nature of residual island(ish) identities accruing to the sites.

    Fixed links, de-islanding, Sydney Harbour, Garden Island

  3. AbstractKeywords

    The objective of this study is to analyze iconographies that show the whaling in the Brazilian Colony, dates back to the sixteenth century and had socioeconomic importance in the formation and implementation of people in the cost. This extractivist activity that involved the settlement of large cetaceans was a common scene in coastal areas, such as the Guanabara and Todos os Santos Bays, and Santa Catarina Inlets. In these visual documents we identified the main characteristics of whaling in Brazil: proximity to the coast, slave labor, specialization of work at sea, techniques of capture and processing, and the boats launched in the calm waters of the bays. The whaling iconography produced in Brazil have common elements, recognizable in the redundancy of certain visual arrangements: the chase, the harpooning, the towing, the shredding, the melting, and the storage. The most representative image of fishing is the dramatic moment in which man and animal meet since, in the Basque tradition, being close was paramount.

    Whaling, Iconography, Whale, Brazil

  4. Creative Battle Space: The Sea in Indonesian Newspaper Short Stories PDF Tirto Suwondo, Dessy Wahyuni, Ahmad Zamzuri, Yohanes Adhi Satiyoko & Nurweni Saptawuryandari 10.21463/jmic.2023.12.2.04
    AbstractKeywords

    The sea has always been a source of inspiration in literature. The sea becomes a creative battleground in literature because it depicts human life full of challenges, difficulties, hopes, and adventures. In literature, the sea becomes a metaphor that helps reveal human life's complexity by showing life's beauty and ferocity. This study aims to advance existing studies to identify unique concepts, ideologies, or discourses relating to the ocean that are hidden in 25 short stories from 2010 to 2021 in Indonesian newspapers. Using an interactive interpretation method, all short stories are analyzed through content analysis techniques to reveal the various creative battle spaces. Through a mixed methods study with a critical approach, this research found four creative battle spaces with their respective subspaces, namely: (1) economic battle space with capitalist and impact of capitalism subspace; (2) moral battle space with action crime and power struggle subspace; (3) inner battle space with serenity, sorrow relief, the battle between reality and desire, and the battle of life subspace; and (4) surrealism idea battle space with the meeting space of two worlds, the endless search, surrealism-economics, and spirituality and imagery subspace.

    sea, short story, battle space, creative, ideology

  5. AbstractKeywords

    This research aims to employ the focus group interview methodology to extract important insights and policy recommendations for the revitalization of tourism in island regions during the era of significant digital transformation. To achieve this objective, the current study focuses on Jebudo Island, located in Hwaseong-city, Gyeonggi province, as a representative case area and utilizes the findings obtained to identify practical and efficacious viewpoints. The ensuing report highlights the paramount importance and policy recommendations extracted via a focus group interview technique. Initially, considering the prospect of being established as a tourism hub, Jebudo Island has persistently engaged in development and business promotions. However, the island continues to be characterized by an aging tourist destination, emphasizing private facilities, which does not align with the current tourism trend. In light of the ongoing digital transformation, it is imperative that Jebudo Island utilizes its local resources efficiently while adhering to contemporary tourism trends by implementing relevant technologies appropriately. Another noteworthy policy recommendation pertains to the underdevelopment of Jebudo Island, given its remarkable geographical conditions and regional resources. Conventionally, tourism activities were confined to sightseeing, primarily highlighting hardware and natural landscapes. However, recently, such activities have shifted towards experiences and emotions, emphasizing content and engagement. Consequently, the need to develop content using cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, metaverse, and ChatGPT is essential to enhance national awareness. Finally, concerning the island's placeness strategy in conjunction with digital transformation, islands face a daunting challenge of regional extinction, with a more severe decline in population than that of mainland areas. Despite various policy measures to address this issue, no effective exit strategy has emerged thus far. Therefore, it is imperative to devise a strategy centered on the sense of place that aligns with regional characteristics. In particular, engaging the MZ generation, which values novel social values and actively utilizes social media and the internet, could lead to broader engagement across other generations. Moreover, in the process of revitalizing island tourism during the digital transformation era, various stakeholders are intricately interconnected. Hence, it is crucial to utilize different platforms and establish cooperative governance. Furthermore, to create a functional ecosystem, it is crucial to institute policies such as island business schools, forums, and full-time operating organizations to enhance expertise and commercial viability, while fostering sustainable strategic discussions. Notwithstanding, considering that the present study solely examined the case of Jebudo Island in Hwaseong through the focus group interviews in the era of significant digital transformation, it remains uncertain whether the findings can be uniformly applied and extrapolated to other islands. Consequently, further studies are essential to enhance objectivity and empirical validity by broadening the scope of case areas and incorporating stakeholder surveys.

    digital transformation, island tourism, revitalization

  6. AbstractKeywords

    Starting in the 1970s, agriculture in Western countries began to progressively lose the critical success factors on which it based its competitive advantage, which was localization. The development of both the food industry and organized distribution, the intensification of trade, and the speed of information transfer led to new needs and new scenarios within which new agricultural systems emerged. This research analyzed the changes imposed on the agricultural system by the economic development process and determined the trajectories taken by some agricultural entrepreneurs. The study shows that those agricultural entrepreneurs who have been able to adapt their business strategy to the new production scenarios that have emerged remain competitive in the market, while those who have been passively affected by economic development have resulted in agriculture that in many ways only manages to survive thanks to the contribution of the Common Agricultural Policy and without which it would be ousted from the market.

    agriculture, joint production, Sicily

  7. AbstractKeywords

    Mangroves provide diverse benefits for various coastal communities in Southeast Asia. Unfortunately, the same region exhibits the highest global rates of mangrove loss. Whilst studies exploring its value as a biocultural refugia remain lacking, the associated biocultural uses of mangroves are likewise under threat. Using the PRISMA approach, 33 studies passed the eligibility and screening process. The majority of biocultural studies were from Indonesia (60%), Malaysia (9%), Philippines (9%), and Thailand (9%) whilst the least were from Myanmar (6%), Vietnam (3%), and Timor-Leste (3%). We identified seven biocultural lenses for Southeast Asian mangroves; food source, cultural and spiritual use, livelihood source, construction materials, fuelwood and charcoal, medicinal use, and fish poison and fishing material. As a biocultural refugia, management of mangroves are intimately intertwined with traditional practices which stemmed from cultural and spiritual importance of mangroves. However, many Asian cultures remain undocumented and understudied. We, therefore, recommend a more culture-sensitive approach in various community-based mangrove conservation projects that respectfully integrate the indigenous and local knowledge systems (ILKS) and practices. Studies relating to the biocultural values, both tangible and intangible benefits of mangroves, should be further explored to promote the sustainable utilization and conservation of the remaining mangroves in Southeast Asia.

    mangrove, biocultural, ecosystem services, culture, Asia, indigenous knowledge

  8. AbstractKeywords

    As a result of damage since the 2010s, mangrove forests require conservation efforts, such as reforestation, business permits in coastal areas, rearrangement of coastal spatial planning, and law enforcement regulated by the government in environmental policies. This study aims to assess the evolution and identify knowledge related to mangrove conservation policies in Southeast Asian (SEA) countries using in-depth bibliometric and content analysis. This paper describes mangrove restoration and conservation policies in SEA countries . The results of the study show that as many as 220 articles about mangroves in SEA have been published, this shows that there is an increasing interest in disclosing mangrove restoration policies, included in SEA countries. Globally, there are similarities in regulations between countries: the difference lies in the application of the rules. Changes in land use are one of the drivers of mangrove damage in SEA countries . However, only a few researchers have discussed institutional arrangements and coastal development policies. Mangroves in Indonesia are protected by 22 laws and regulated by at least 18 institutions. Their administration in Thailand is governed by at least 20 laws and overseen by 7 ministries and departments. In the Philippines, 28 laws relate to the conservation of mangroves for cultivation. Additionally, we discuss the main findings, deficiencies, and directions for future research.

    mangrove, bibliometric analysis, environmental policy, environmental regulation, reforestation, content analysis

  9. AbstractKeywords

    Culinary tourism has recently been gaining increasing attention in tourism practice and research. Meat production and consumption also play a significant role in the management and marketing of food tourism. This research explores the role of meat in two high-end restaurants located in the city of Partinico, an agricultural destination in the province of Palermo. The results show the meat identity of both restaurants and reveal how meat-based menus communicate a sense of place centered on local knowledge and the seasonal component of meat products.

    Sicily, gastronomic culture, food and tourism, exploratory analysis

v12n1, 2023

  1. Water Security In Tunda Island, Banten Indonesia: Potency & Threat PDF Terry Louise Kepel, Tubagus Solihuddin, Johan Risandi, August Daulat, Aida Heriati, Eva Mustikasari, Mardiany, & Sun-Kee Hong 10.21463/jmic.2023.12.1.01
    AbstractKeywords

    Water availability and management for water security on small islands are critical. The purpose of this research is to uncover the water resources issue at a small island community level as well as discourse on the potential threats and sustainable management for water security. Tunda Island, located in the Java Sea, is one of 81 small islands in Banten Province, Indonesia. Data were collected through focus group discussions, open interviews with key persons, direct field observations, and secondary data gathering. Moreover, we analyzed time series climate data, particularly rainfall and population growth projections, based on data from official Indonesian government sites. The monthly mean precipitation is ranging from a low of 48 mm/month in August to a high of 292 mm/month in January. A “surplus of water” occurs from November to May, while months with a “deficit of water” occur from June to October. The majority of the community is unaware of the water security issue due to a lack of information and knowledge in the community. Some threats to the sustainability of water resources would be caused by two factors, both anthropogenical and natural: rising water demand, diminishing groundwater reserves due to population growth and tourism activities on the island, drought, sea level rise, and seawater intrusion as climate-related impacts due to increasing population growth and tourism activities on the island and drought, sea level rise and seawater intrusion as climate-related impacts. Developing community knowledge and awareness of water security is the main issue that should be handled first, coinciding with sustainable management practices that consider water use efficiency, the use of alternative water sources (e.g., rainwater harvesting), and protecting and restoring coastal ecosystems, especially for the future tourist destination.

    Water security, Small island, Community awareness, Water management, Tunda Island

  2. AbstractKeywords

    This study aimed to confirm the mediating effect of social capital on the relationship between a sense of connection to the mainland and life satisfaction as perceived by island residents. To that end, the study drew on original data from the Survey of the Welfare Status and Needs of Jeonnam Island Residents conducted by the Jeonnam Welfare Foundation from October 11 to November 1, 2017. The respondents (N = 500) were residents of inhabited islands in Jeollanam-do. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. The results indicate a partial mediating effect of social capital on the relationship between connection to the mainland and perceived life satisfaction. Based on these results, the study makes a number of practical and policy suggestions.

    Connection to the Mainland, Social Capital, Life Satisfaction, Island Residents, Mediating Effect, Jeonnam-do

  3. AbstractKeywords

    Since the 1970s, Samar and Leyte islands had a thriving sea cucumber fishery but have rapidly declined over the years. In Maliwaliw Island, anecdotal accounts validated by the community revealed that the island had a brisk sea cucumber fishery but collapsed due to uncontrolled collection. In 2013, a sandfish sea ranching project was implemented in Maliwaliw Island, Salcedo, Eastern Samar, to bring back the sandfish that has disappeared from the area, and subsequently provide a supplemental livelihood to the local fishers. This study was conducted to investigate the impacts and lessons learned from the sandfish project. Recruitment of wild stock, increased community knowledge of sea cucumber biology and ecology, additional income through sandfish bycatch, and perceived enhancement of the coastal marine environment of the island were among the positive gains from the project identified by the respondents.  On the other hand, poaching by fishers from neighboring communities resulting in inter-community conflicts was a major challenge. Clearly, the sandfish sea ranching project in Maliwaliw achieved ecological, social, and economic impacts on the project participants and the community. However, these gains need to be strengthened with effective management measures including size regulation to sustain the sea cucumber fishery in the area.

    sandfish sea ranching, impacts, challenges, lessons learned, Philippines

  4. No Island is an Island: Understanding the Geo-social Interaction of Small Islands in the Philippine Archipelagoscape PDF Noba F. Hilvano, Nathaniel C. Bantayan, Juan M. Pulhin, Gloria Luz M. Nelson, & Mark Dondi M. Arboleda 10.21463/jmic.2023.12.1.04
    AbstractKeywords

    Studies that focus on archipelagos and the interaction between and among islands in an archipelago are lacking. This study aims to contribute to this emerging discussion by determining the geo-social interactions of small islands in the Naranjo Group of Islands, Philippines. Using Social Network Analysis (SNA), descriptive network connectivity statistics — degree centrality, geographical centrality, and network density indices were generated. The geo-social interaction intensity (GSII) index was also calculated to assess the degree of geo-social interactions of the small islands. The geo-social interaction between and among islands in the Naranjo Group of Islands involves access or exchange of resources, goods, and services. The degree of geo-social interaction in the archipelagoscape was influenced by the islanders’ need to access resources, resource availability, distance, weather, transport, and sea condition. The degree of linkages between and among islands in an archipelagoscape serves as a safeguard during a disturbance by promoting resilience against challenges by ensuring continued access to resources or constraining its spread. The study recommends a strengthened geo-social interaction to ensure a continued flow of goods and services necessary for island existence, survival, and well-being. Further research on the relationship between island resilience and connectivity from an archipelagic perspective is also suggested.

    archipelago, archipelagoscape, connectivity, geo-social interaction, small island

  5. AbstractKeywords

    The Big Prawn statue erected in Ballina, on the north coast of the Australian state of New South Wales, in 1989 belongs to a genre of roadside ‘big things’ that commenced in Australia in the 1960s. The statue has come to be a prominent — if frequently contentious — landmark within the town and an icon of it for tourists. Its symbolism reflects Ballina’s status as a coastal location with a small fishing fleet and dedicated harbour and magnifies that aspect as a projection of the town to both visitors and a general social media public. As such, the Big Prawn has both a cultural ‘life of its own’ and a relationship to Australia’s national circuit of roadside big things and with other symbols of Ballina mobilised by the town council and its tourism promotion. The article provides a history of the development, prominence and impact of the Big Prawn in cultural media, its relation to cultural debates about aesthetics and heritage in Australia and the manner in which its sign can be understood to operate within a coastal location heavily dependent on tourism income.

    Ballina, Big Prawn, emblems, iconography, fishing heritage

  6. AbstractKeywords

    The Zhoushan Archipelago occupies an important position on the ancient Maritime Silk Road, as its strategic position along the Coastal China makes it a crucial passageway for vessels travelling southward and eastward, and thus throughout history, the Zhoushan Archipelago has been an important hub for international exchanges, facilitating numerous sea routes to connect China with the rest of the world. All these sea routes have been well-documented in the historical literature. In this paper, the various sea routes of the Zhoushan Archipelago recorded in the historical literature have been reviewed in detail and drawn on the charts to highlight in an explicit and visual way the importance of the Zhoushan Archipelago in the ancient maritime Silk Road and its role in facilitating international exchanges. It can be argued that there are both natural and cultural reasons for the Zhoushan Archipelago to be referred to as the “Maritime Dunhuang” along the Maritime Silk Road. By reviewing and mapping the diverse sea routes of the Zhoushan Archipelago in nncient China, we can gain a better understanding of the historical significance of the Zhoushan Archipelago in international exchanges and recognise the pivotal role it has played in shaping the world we live in today.

    the Zhoushan Archipelago, sea routes, ancient China, maritime Dunhuang

  7. AbstractKeywords

    At the beginning of the last century, many people in Fujian, Guangdong and other Southeast China Coastal Region left their hometown and worked hard to make a living in Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and other countries. Houhuang village, located in Putian City, is a famous hometown of overseas Chinese in Fujian Province of China. It is known as the “Nanyang style village” of Putian because of its unique architectural style and cultural landscape. Overseas Chinese play an important role in the construction of Houhuang village, and the precipitated overseas Chinese culture has become one of the most unique and distinctive cultural marks. However, in this village, the memory of overseas Chinese is facing the crisis of “being forgotten”, and the fresh memory of overseas Chinese in personal experience is being eliminated from overseas Chinese culture. By ethnographic research methods and discourse paradigms such as oral history and field investigation, this study explores the reasons, and comes to the conclusion that the “forgetting” of overseas Chinese’s memory in the post period is mainly attributed to four aspects: return obstruction, blood dilution, cultural immersion and no way to give back. At the same time, the weakening of overseas Chinese memory has led to three phenomena: the “otherness” of overseas Chinese groups, the “empty generalization” of identity and the “flattening” of overseas Chinese culture. In this regard, the article puts forward reflection and prospect, hoping to record the memory of overseas Chinese through network media and oral history, change the concept of villagers, and let the historical memory of overseas Chinese continue to live in Southeast China Coastal Region.

    Intergenerational Habitat, Memory Transition, Overseas Chinese, Marine Culture, Ethnography

  8. AbstractKeywords

    This study analyzes how social networks can connect and interact to strengthen food accessibility for poor households on Mapur Island, one of the small and outermost islands in Indonesia. Data collection used interviews with eighteen recipient households of the Family Hope Program (PKH) and Focus Group Discussions with eighteen key informants. Data were analyzed using R analysis and social network analysis. This study found that the level of access to food for PKH households and their social networks was very low and short. His dependence on rice assistance from the government and being in debt to ‘Patron’ became very strong. Of all identified communities, the same pattern was found, and a strong mutual relationship was with ‘Patron.’ The role of ‘Patron’ in the food access network is an intermediary and central role that connects many entities and activities to meet community needs. The interaction between the Regional Logistics Agency stopped at the liaison between the ‘Patron’ and the village government that distributed the assistance. The village food access network is very dependent on the network owned by ‘Patron.’ Government intervention through policies and strengthening food institutions can play a key role in helping to facilitate access to food needs on the island.

    Food accessibility, fisherman's household, a small outermost island, Social Network Analysis (SNA)

  9. AbstractKeywords

    This article analyzed the socio-cultural representations associated with two Sicilian wines, Catarratto, and Nero d’Avola. The study was carried out in the area of western Sicily, where most of the wine growing is concentrated. In particular, for ‘Catarratto’, the research was conducted in the area of the Gulf of Castellammare in the province of Trapani, an area particularly suited to the cultivation of the ‘Catarratto’ vine from which the white wine is obtained; for ‘Nero d’Avola’, the research was conducted in the area of Menfi in the province of Agrigento, an area particularly suited to this black vine. Our objective was to determine how the players in the wine chain, and who indirectly deal with wine, construct their mental model relating to wine to suggest to companies the appropriate wine marketing actions to take to increase their competitive advantage. To achieve the objective of the research, ten focus groups consisting of wine consumers, teetotalers, wine opinion leaders, wine merchants, wine shop owners, medical doctors, and food experts were conducted. During the focus group, we gave these subjects a document in which they had to explain what wine evokes in them. The results of the research confirm that wine is a complex food product whose consumption evokes sensations, memories, and pleasures. The study provides an important source of knowledge on the current cultural significance of wine and its consumption in these two areas of Sicily. Therefore, the study highlighted the quality of these two Sicilian wines can guarantee competitiveness at the company and sector levels.

    Sicilian wines, Catarratto, Nero d'Avola, socio-cultural representation

v11n2, 2022

  1. AbstractKeywords

    The Philippines is the world’s third major contributor to global marine plastic pollution and the biggest polluter of riverine plastics into the sea. Several rivers in Philippines including those in Palawan, the country’s Last Frontier, are assumed to be the main pathways of land-based plastic waste into the ocean. However, variations, model estimations and plastic litter’s composition among rivers remains uncertain due to lack of field data. In this regard, the quantity, temporal variations and composition of plastic flux were studied in Pulot River and its tributary in Sofronio Española, Palawan. This aims to collect field data on floating macroplastics and its composition, as well as to determine the effect of flow velocity to plastic flux. Plastic flux was measured at three different locations along Pulot River, two hourly measurements during two different time of the day was made. The results showed significant difference on the amount of plastic flux during the morning and afternoon measurements. On the other hand, plastic flux during the weekends and weekdays measurements showed no significant difference. Instantaneous plastic flux and flow velocity showed significant positive correlation at all locations for all periods of measurements except the Pulot River Bridge during morning. Predominant plastic types are food packaging, plastic bottles, and toiletries. Multilayers and mixed plastics under the “Other” category were the most abundant plastic polymer classified. These results provide new insights on variations and prevalence of plastic flux in Pulot River which may benefit future long-term monitoring efforts and plastics pollution mitigation strategies.

    temporal variations, flow velocity, macroplastic

  2. AbstractKeywords

    Plastic pollution is an arising problem of our generation. Tons of plastics are globally produced affecting different coastal ecosystems. Plastics pile and end up in coastal areas, at the ocean surface, and in the coastal seabed. Almost 70% of plastics made are known to eventually sink in water, and it is suspected that ever-increasing amounts of plastics are accumulating in seabed sediments. However, there are limited studies on macroplastics in coastal seabeds in the different coastal ecosystems in the Philippines. This study aims to determine the prevalence, types, and density of macroplastic litters in the coastal seabed of Sultan Naga Dimaporo (SND), Lanao del Norte. A 100-m transect line with four quadrats measuring 5 m x 5 m, was delineated parallel to the seabed at the beaches of Barangay Pikalawag, Dabliston, Koreo and Sugod. Results revealed that all four sites were contaminated with plastic litter in which 55% were from Pikalawag, a residential area, 16% from Dabliston, a mangrove area, 15% from Sugod, a beach/tourism area, and 14% from Koreo, a non-residential area. The plastic density was 1.32 items/m2 for Pikalawag, and 0.32 to 0.37 items/m2 for the other areas. The waste collected was primarily food packaging (17%), plastic fragments (16%), and plastic bags (11%). The highest polymer type was LDPE (40%) followed by both multilayers (13%) and PET (13%).  Based on the clean coast-index, Pikalawag can be categorized as extremely dirty while the other three sites were moderately clean. Overall, this study showed how the prevalence and composition of plastic litter vary in different coastal seabeds in SND, Lanao del Norte.

    macroplastic, seabed, pollution, mangroves, Lanao del Norte

  3. Profile of socially responsible marine tourism companies in island destinations PDF Olga González-Morales, Agustín Santana-Talavera, & Carolina Rodríguez Donate 10.21463/jmic.2022.11.2.03
    AbstractKeywords

    The objective of this study is to analyze the degree of involvement of marine tourism companies in Corporate Social Responsibility actions with special reference to relational responsibility, taking into account certain characteristics of the companies that allow defining a profile of socially responsible companies. Results are presented distinguishing between different levels of business commitment to CSR, and results of the estimation of the applied logit models. The assessment made by companies of socially responsible actions shows that actions of the internal dimension have more weight, especially actions on human resource management and environmental actions. Of particular relevance is the positive influence of factors related to human resource management, adaptation to change, community development and the relationship with private agents on the likelihood of a company having a high level of commitment to CSR. The factor least valued by all the companies has been that of relations with public agents. Besides companies with a broader CSR strategy are younger and smaller in size.

    Marine Tourism, Island, Corporate Social Responsibility, Governance, Relational Responsibility

  4. AbstractKeywords

    There are various locations designated as islands in popular and/or official usage that do not conform to the established definition of their being areas of land surrounded by water. After a discussion of the six types of mischaracterised islands in England, this short article provides a case study of one such location, St Ives Island, in the county of Cornwall. Discussion extends to possible historical causes of the area’s island designation and how this designation has been perpetuated in common usage, place naming and in tourism and product promotion. The case study highlights that the affective aspect of perceived islandness is more important in local contexts than fidelity to strict geographic definitions.

    peninsula, island, place naming, St Ives, Cornwall

  5. AbstractKeywords

    Some types of literature created in the Islamic world and Europe during the medieval period describe Goryeo’s topography as an island or a group of islands instead of a peninsula. Such records have been mentioned several times in diverse fields, including history, geography, and cartography. This study reviewed medieval Islamic literature and European literature published in the Islamic world and Europe, respectively, over hundreds of years. It organized records describing Goryeo, as well as Silla and Joseon—kingdoms established before and after Goryeo, respectively—as an island or group of islands and analyzed the background that caused medieval Arab and European people to regard these places as such. The analytical results indicate that the background for medieval Arab and European people’s perception of the Korean Peninsula as an island or group of islands differed by region and period. This study’s results suggest that these inaccurate records on Silla, Goryeo, and Joseon were created because writers who never traveled to the Korean Peninsula referred to false knowledge passed down from their ancestors and unreliable information directly or indirectly obtained from adjacent countries. They mixed fictitious and factual stories when writing their books.

    Islamic literature, European literature, Goryeo, Silla, Joseon, island

  6. AbstractKeywords

    The COVID-19 crisis could act as a catalyst for a series of social, economic, and political changes since it has sensitized governments and institutions on the need for a structural paradigm shift in their growth models from a triple economic, environmental and social perspective. This article offers a case study of the Spanish island of Menorca and its incidence rates in comparison with other territories of the European Union and Spain. Furthermore, we offer a brief description of the current context of the island and its function during the 19th century as a point of control and containment of infectious diseases in the Lazaretto of Maó. This study intends to interpret how the COVID-19 management has been carried out considering the actions made at the State, regional (autonomous community), insular and local levels. The paper is focused principally on the preventive actions at the insular level to know if some of these actions made during the crisis Covid and insular particularities before the start of the pandemic are conditions for the control of the COVID-19 and its incidence rates on the island.

    Menorca, COVID-19 crisis management, Biosphere Reserve, Civil Society

  7. Gender roles in the Anchovies Food Supply Chain – Bagang System in Mempakad Laut, North Borneo, Malaysia PDF Jurry Foo, Diana Demiyah Mohd Hamdan, Sharifah Rahama Amirul, Siti Muslihah Sapari, Nur Hazirah Janoni, & Emily Jotin 10.21463/jmic.2022.11.2.07
    AbstractKeywords

    This article examines the roles of gender in the Bagang system, an organisation of the anchovy supply chain in Mempakad Laut, Sabah, Malaysia bordering the Marine Protected Area named Tun Mustapha Marine Park. Gender study on marine ecosystem management is important to understand the involvement of men and women specifically on how they are complementing each other in ensuring effective resource management. This exploratory study was obtained via qualitative approach as the data collections method including Focus Group Discussion (FGD), interviews as well as field observation. A total of 30 informants participated in this study which were selected through purposive sampling and snowball sampling method. Findings reveal that men and women are equally important in the Bagang system. Men work on marine affairs and material development, while women work on product processing and marketing. The contribution of women in the sustainability of the Bagang system was significantly visible and was treated equally in most aspects notably in financial management and in the decision-makings from the initial to the end of the anchovy supply chain. These findings are very important as guidelines to plan a better sustainable marine management for the future and a fine example of how sustainable fisheries can be achieved in supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals No. 5 which is gender equality.

    Bagang system, Food supply chain, Gender equality, Gender roles, Marine resources, Sustainable fisheries

  8. AbstractKeywords

    This study aimed to describe the procession of the ritual ‘Bersih Desa’ and analyze the existence of the sacred dance ‘Topeng Kona’ as a tool for validating the ritual ‘Bersih Desa’ in Blimbing Village, Bondowoso Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The intelligence and local wisdom possessed by the ancestors of Blimbing Village, was able to give birth to masterpieces of high noble value in the ritual ‘Bersih Desa’, such as ‘Topeng Kona’ dance, ‘Singo Ulung’ dance, Tandhe’ Bini’ and ‘Ojhung’ dance. The masterpiece was the result of the marriage of two cultures, namely Javanese culture (represented by the figure of Juk Seng or Juk Singo Ulung) and Madurese culture (represented by the figure of Juk Jasiman). The result of the marriage produced a migrant culture with a high value that differed from the culture of the migrant’s home region. The sacred dance ‘Topeng Kona’ was used as a medium to validate the ritual ‘Bersih Desa’ as a form of appreciation for Jasiman figures who came from Madura and became the member of the residents of Blimbing Village.

    Validation Tool, bersih desa ritual, topeng kona sacred dance, East Java, Indonesia

  9. AbstractKeywords

    The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural relationships among immersive content use satisfaction, positive affect, self-esteem, and psychological happiness of persons with disabilities and thereby investigate the positive effect of immersive content experience on disabled persons who wish to have immersive content facilities for disabled persons in island areas. Using survey data collected from physically and mentally disabled persons using immersive content facilities, the study found that disabled persons’ satisfaction with immersive content was significantly and positively associated with their positive affect, self-esteem, and psychological happiness; positive affect and self-esteem of disabled persons using immersive content were significantly and positively associated with their psychological happiness; positive affect and self-esteem significantly mediated the relationship between use satisfaction of disabled persons using immersive content and their psychological happiness. This study is meaningful in that it is the first study that empirically investigated the effect of immersive content facilities on disabled persons and shed light on the potential role of immersive content in improving the quality of life and happiness of disabled persons by enabling them to virtually experience real-world programs.

    Disabled people, immersive content facilities, island areas, positive affect, self-esteem, psychological happiness

  10. AbstractKeywords

    The Canary Islands conform the most populated ultra-peripheral region of the European Union with almost two million inhabitants, receiving more than 13 million tourists in 2019, in a pre-pandemic scenario. Therefore, the islands represent a very particular setting to explore the impact of the global pandemic in business in general, and also in gender diversity and the situation of women on corporate boards in particular. Firms from several industries were observed in detail, as retail, wholesale, construction, manufacturing, repair and sale of vehicles and accommodation. The study explores the setting just before the advent of the coronavirus to their lives in a region which is obviously highly fragile to these events. The study reveals huge gaps in gender equality, with women less present and with less executive power than men, particularly in companies with better results and from certain industries, which confirms previous stereotypes. Further research will be required by means of longitudinal studies.

    Gender diversity, women on corporate boards, corporate governance, tourism, COVID-19

  11. AbstractKeywords

    The changing climate brings various challenges to the fisheries industry, especially to those who depend their livelihood on fish in the small island. Through selective adaptation and mitigation strategies, many households may survive facing the unpredicted climate and weather conditions. Here we study how a small-scale fishers household in Indonesia struggled and searched their ways to face climate change which often resulted in a decrease in catch and income. Using a collective method of quantitative and qualitative, the study showed that the livelihood vulnerability level of Spermonde fishers is 0.56 (highly vulnerable). Three adaptation mechanisms such as ecological, economic and social, were discovered. The fishers often change their fishing ground location and add more fishing gear to catch the declining stock of fish or to make it easier for them to fish in the unpredicted weather. They used an ‘intensification’ strategy in dealing with climate change effects. This strategy is chosen due to the limited capital they have and a full dependency on the natural resources (fish) as their main source of food and income.

    fishing, livelihood, Spermonde Islands, Indonesia, environment, climate change

  12. Settlement traps and harvesting methods for spiny lobster (Panulirus spp.) puerulus fishery in Palawan Island, the Philippines PDF Niño Jess Mar F. Mecha, Herminie P. Palla, Lota A. Creencia, Jean Beth S. Jontila, Maria Mojena G. Plasus, & Roger G. Dolorosa 10.21463/jmic.2022.11.2.12
    AbstractKeywords

    The attractive price for spiny lobster (Panulirus spp.) puerulus has recently encouraged many fishers to engage in its collection as an alternative livelihood at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. This booming fishery prompted the investigation of the settlement traps, luring/shading materials, trap installation and harvesting methods, and problems encountered in the spiny lobster puerulus fishery in Palawan, Philippines. Reviewed videos posted on social media, personal observation, and data gathered from key informants (KIs) revealed the use of various modified and newly developed settlement traps. The most common were the concrete cylindrical and disc-shaped traps used by 63.33% of the KIs. Some KIs (40%) provided the settlement traps with luring/shading materials like Sargassum thalli. Settlement traps were mostly installed using the stake-hanging method. The harvesting season starts in March and ends in August where the daily collection coincides with the moon phase. Fishers collected settled puerulus through diving or pulling the traps out of the water. However, some issues like unstable prices and the absence of fishing regulations threaten the sustainability of pueruli collection. Hence, the establishment of collection zones, issuance of fishing permits, price regulation, and long-term monitoring to maintain this promising fishery industry is suggested in crafting ordinances. Efficiencies of traps may also be investigated as an additional basis for policy recommendations.

    Idle banca, Palinuridae, puerulus collection, raft method, resource conflicts

  13. Cheese as a food souvenir in Sicily PDF Francesc Fusté-Forné, Federico Modica, & Filippo Sgroi 10.21463/jmic.2022.11.2.13
    AbstractKeywords

    Souvenirs are elements of territorial communication, and they are examples of the marketing strategy of destinations. Souvenirs are objects that allow us to remember moments we have experienced and places we have visited. Drawing on the close relationships between places and souvenirs, this paper analyses cheese as a food souvenir in the island of Sicily. The method is based on a qualitative design which includes visits and interviews with local sellers in the food markets and food shops in Palermo, with the objective to reveal how cheese is protected and promoted as a symbol of Sicilian culture and heritage from a marketing perspective. Results of the paper show that cheeses made in Sicily are pivotal in the cheese marketing, while Italian cheeses also find their commercialization space. International cheeses are only available as styled cheeses also made in the country. Theoretical and practical implications are described.

    cheese tourism, food heritage, Italy, Palermo, regional development, urban marketing

v11n1, 2022

Special Section: The 8th East Asian Island and Ocean Forum 2021 — Changes and Chaos in Islands and Seascapes

  1. AbstractKeywords

    Besides the great burden that has been placed on the world by the COVID-19 pandemic, radical climate change is causing natural disasters in every corner of the world. According to the IPCC’s most recent report, rising global temperatures already have very negative impacts beyond our expectation. The main cause of this lies in human activities that drive global population growth, ongoing urbanization, excessive use of natural resources, and so on. Every minute, the environment in islands and oceans is changing in different directions and angles. This forum is to have an in-depth discussion on how climate crisis including pandemic and climate change and sprawling development by humans etc., can affect cultures and ecosystem in islands and seascapes and which direction identity of islands will be heading in the future. For this matter, the theme of this forum is fixed as “Changes and Chaos in Islands and Seascapes”.

    climate change, COVID-19, ecosystem, islandness, island culture, pandemic, seascape

  2. AbstractKeywords

    A major challenge for fisheries management lies in how to strike a balance between the livelihoods of fishermen and sustainable operation of the fishing industry under the impact of climate change. In the long term, important marine habitats need to be designated as marine protected areas and prevent destructive man-made activities through appropriate legislation and law enforcement to promote marine resource conservation and ecological protection.

    Furthermore, marine protected areas have been recognized as the simplest, cheapest and most effective way in which to restore fishery resources and protect marine biodiversity in the future. However, the competent authorities have been unable to achieve co-management of the environment and partnerships for many years, and continue to rely on extensive integration and collaboration between governments and non-governmental organizations or individuals due to implementation-related factors such as the island society, the multiple social relationships of fishermen or residents in fishing villages, the closely related place attachment, and general xenophobia. The National Penghu University of Science and Technology established marine protected area community patrols in 2018. The patrols not only protect marine resources but also allow community residents and fishermen to build consensus among communities and reduce class discrimination against fishermen, which is in line with the sustainable planning and management strategy in fisheries of the blue economy and with the spirit of sato-umi. Sato-umi is a coastal area where biological productivity and biodiversity has increased through human interaction.

    In this study, social network analysis was used to systematically analyze the process of stakeholder engagement in the co-management of conservation areas, link cross-domain recreational resources amongst fishing villages, and cultivate regional revitalization in fishing communities through the visualization of participants’ locations, interactions, and relative influence.

    MPA, Social Network Analysis, Sato-umi, Penghu

  3. Small Island Spatial Accessibility: The Case of San Vicente, Northern Samar, Philippines PDF Noba F. Hilvano, Nathaniel C. Bantayan, Juan M. Pulhin, Gloria Luz M. Nelson, & Mark Dondi M. Arboleda 10.21463/jmic.2022.11.1.03
    AbstractKeywords

    The spatial accessibility serves as a lifeline that sustains the existence and survival of small island communities with limited resources. Yet, there is a lack of studies that focus on transport availability and characteristics as measures of small island spatial accessibility. A Small Island Spatial Accessibility Index (SISAI) was created to determine the spatial accessibility of San Vicente, Northern Samar, an archipelagic municipality consisting of seven small islands. The indicators used include distance (km), number of public vehicles available, one-day return trip (presence/absence), number of vehicles that travel per week, number of trips per week, total vehicle passenger capacity per week, and transport connectivity. The distance and transport characteristics are essential in measuring the small island's spatial accessibility. Environmental factors, e.g., extreme weather events, also affect the accessibility of small islands.

    Additionally, to understand further the accessibility situation in the island group, the accessibility problems of the islanders were determined using focus groups and surveys. A Spatial Accessibility Problem Confrontation Index (SAPCI) was developed, which showed that disruption of the spatial accessibility of the islands due to big waves, bad weather, unsafe conditions of the vehicles, and unfollowed schedules were the four main problems that concern households. Thus, the stacking of goods, the government's provision of a storage facility, and support of the business sector are critical in sustaining the needs of island communities, especially during calamities. Moreover, the study recommends the conduct of a transportation feasibility study to improve the spatial accessibility of the area.

    problem confrontation, resilience, small island, spatial accessibility

  4. AbstractKeywords

    The MAB programme is an intergovernmental scientific programme that aims to establish a scientific basis for enhancing the relationship between people and their environments. It combines the natural and social sciences with a view to improving human livelihoods and safeguarding natural and managed ecosystems, thus promoting innovative approaches to economic development that are socially and culturally appropriate and environmentally sustainable. Vietnam national network of UNESCO biosphere reserves comprises 11 sites. The vision of MAB is a world where people are conscious of their common future and their interactions with the planet, and act collectively and responsibly to build thriving societies in harmony within the biosphere. As a culture, it changes on mental thinking and practical applications, including conservation effectiveness, eco-tourism and socio-economic development, and logistically scientific research. Some experiences are shared, and some lessons learned are also discussed. It refers to various aspects as awareness knowledge, conservation innovation, social economic development and scientific research application. This is to find a respond to the question of how changes between before and after designating the UNESCO biosphere reserve.

    MAB programme, Cu Lao Cham-Hoi An, biosphere reserve, Marine Protected Area, Vietnam

  5. AbstractKeywords

    From the perspective of media, this paper aims to study how Island traffic constructs a modern marine society. Using the research paradigm of social definition, the paper investigates the spatial production and interpersonal reconstruction of the port shore system centered on the traffic network of Xiamen ferry traffic, seawall traffic, roundabout road and Wutong wharf. It is found that island traffic connects the interaction between ocean and land and creates the meaning of a new island; Island traffic links up the emotional relationship with Taiwan to create the political implication and social connotation of marine culture; Island traffic constructs the local spiritual production of marine culture for the world cultural heritage. The important conclusion of the study is that as an important medium of marine society, the essence of island traffic lies in the reproduction and reconstruction of marine society between physical traffic, cultural tourism space and virtual space through human feelings.

    Island traffic, Social-media, Marine society, Xiamen

  6. AbstractKeywords

    Anthropogenic activities have an impact on the coastal environment, even on small islands with little economic activity. This is evident in Manamoc Island, Cuyo, Palawan. Knowledge and understanding of these impacts will enable policymakers to formulate policies arresting the problem. This study focused on establishing shoreline trends using sand boundary as a proxy and determining specific physical or natural processes and anthropogenic activities affecting coastal conditions on Manamoc Island. Key informant interview (KII), beach profiling, longshore drift direction and velocity determination, and time series analysis of shoreline were carried out. Manamoc Island coastline retreated at an average of 38–64.5m from 1989 to 2016. These were attributed to the compounding effect of natural processes, hydrometeorological events, and anthropogenic activities. The anthropogenic activities led to the destruction of natural barriers e.g. sand, rocks, coral reefs, seagrass, mangroves, and other coastal vegetation resulting in coastal erosion. With impending threats of climate change and sea-level rise, locals should consider long-term relocation. Furthermore, intensive IEC campaigns on coastal resource protection and reframing the coastal resource management plans are imperative.

    anthropogenic activities, beach profile, coastal erosion, monsoon, natural barriers

  7. AbstractKeywords

    The southern coastal area in East Java is known for its biodiversity. There are protected areas stretching from the Blambangan peninsula in the east, with a rich flora and fauna critical for the karst ecosystem in the west in the Pacitan Regency. Visiting the natural area, including the coastal area with great biodiversity, will become the favorite tourism program. This paper has reviewed the recent status of biodiversity, recent and future tourism trends, the effects of tourism infrastructure development to wildlife, and recommendation for future wildlife tourism development in the southern coastal area of the East Java province. From the literature study, direct observation and interviews with local people, environmental activist, and local government, some important findings should be discussed. First, it is clear that the southern coastal area is an area with high biodiversity level and important for the development of future tourism. Second, tourism grows significantly and provides opportunities to support biodiversity conservation in coastal area. Third, it was a phenomenon where recent infrastructure development to trigger economic development and tourism led to potential threats to the future of biodiversity. Fourth, the sustainable wildlife tourism implementation in southern coastal area is crucial. The aspects related to the biodiversity conservation, local coastal dweller socio-cultural development, and local economy development are important to incorporate into sustainable tourism development strategy.

    coastal ecosystem, coastal tourism, biodiversity, community development

  8. AbstractKeywords

    The boundary between land and island is blurring. This may be attributed to the shortened physical distance and changes in the psychological distance. This study aimed to identify why the boundary that sets apart the island from the land is blurring. In the fast-changing socio-cultural context, the island has often been covered by the media as a place for healing. As a result, the number of tourists in islands has increased, and their psychological and physical distances with the land have become closer through bridges connecting the mainland and island. It can be interpreted that the boundary between the land disappeared as islands became more accessible than before. On that basis, this study aimed to examine how islands have been portrayed in the media and the research trends and identify the changes in “islandness” by analyzing the changes in the language in the island, with a focus on the island of Udo. As a result, this study found that the linguistic landscape, with its multilingual signs and the increase in amenities, has led to a rise in the number of tourists.

    Islandness, Linguistic Landscape, Udo Island, Change Perception, Sea Region Linguistics

  9. AbstractKeywords

    When an island, an isolated space, is connected to land or other islands, it brings many changes. In other words, the change in traffic conditions is an important variable altering and determining the characteristics of the island. The objectives of this study were to examine the changes in the island region due to the construction of the land to island bridge and propose policy measures for the sustainable development of the changing island society. It is undeniable that the opening of the land to island bridge has a profound impact on the lives of islanders, the economic conditions of the island, and the environment. They change the island as fast as the dramatic change in transportation (from ships to cars). Although it is impossible to go against this trend, it is necessary to ponder the conservation of each island’s unique value, the ontology of the island, before constructing the land to island bridge. If so, what should be prepared to create a sustainable island society after opening the land to island bridge? First, sufficient discussion should be made on the construction of the land to island bridge. Second, when the land to island bridge will be constructed, it is needed to increase the receptive capacity of the islanders during the construction period. Third, a long-term development plan specifically for the island should be established before the land to island bridge is completed. Fourth, it is necessary to develop content using local resources instead of letting outsiders consume island space. Fifth, the changing island society must prepare a third place for maintaining the community

    Changing Island Society, Land to Island Bridge, Islander, Social Capital, Environment, Sustainable development

Scholarly Articles

  1. AbstractKeywords

    Overlooked connections between sustainable development goals (SDG) and principles of resilience (POR) drive this case study through theoretical ‘Streams of Resilience’ thinking to expose disjuncts in gastronomy, tourism, and domestic development policy on Ly Son Island Vietnam. Grounded approach qualitative methodology supports critique of tourism developments filtered through sustainability-impact trilogy dimensions. Findings suggest that socio-economic and natural ecosystem ‘slow accumulation impacts’ result from internal and external geo-political forces. The critical carrying capacity issues for Ly Son are compounded: first by the internal success of garlic-based agritourism development; and second, Vietnam’s desire to increase ‘on-Island’, investment in tourism infrastructure as a sovereignty response to external influences in a disputed Eastern Sea. Global mobility dilemmas trigger island community and national dialogues that must go beyond sustainable livelihoods to ‘all-around’ resilient ecosystems.

    Ly Son, Vietnam, island tourism, ecological resilience, garlic, agritourism, sustainability, South China Sea, gastronomy, policy intervention

  2. Composition and diversity of Mangrove species in Camotes Island, Cebu, Philippines PDF Edgardo P. Lillo, Archiebald B. Malaki, Steve Michael T. Alcazar, Raamah Rosales, Bernardo R. Redoblado, John Lou B. Diaz, Erwin M. Pantinople, & Ritche U. Nuevo 10.21463/jmic.2022.11.1.11
    AbstractKeywords

    Mangrove forests are one of the world’s most threatened tropical ecosystems. The study aimed of assessing the composition and diversity of Mangrove species in Camotes Island, Philippines, as basis for its conservation and protection. A Belt in line transect method was used, with a minimum length of 1000m and maximum of 2000m along landward, middle, and seaward at an interval of 100m. Quadrat of 10 x 10m were established within the transect line at an interval of 250m. All the plant species within the quadrats were identified and measured.

    A total of 42 mangrove species were recorded in the island, representing 31 true mangrove species, and 11 mangrove associates. Two species were identified as Endangered Pemphis acidula J.R.Forst. & G.Forst and Camptostemon philippinense (S.Vidal) Becc, with a relative value of high species diversity (H’ = 3.0107). Camotes Island were dominated by the species of Sonneratia alba Sm, Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh Avicennia rumphiana Hallier f, Rhizophora apiculata Blume, and Rhizophora stylosa Griff. Jaccard’s and Sorensen dissimilarity matrix prove that the mangrove species of Camotes Island were forming three cluster.

    Conservation effort and Information Education Campaign were needed by the Local Government Units, to protect the high mangrove species diversity of Camotes Island.

    Composition, diversity, Pilar, Poro, San Francisco, Tudela

  3. AbstractKeywords

    The Banggi region is home to coastal inhabitants that have a multitude of cultural beliefs and traditions, living a diaspora of marine biodiversity that is part of the Coral Triangle Region, thus rendering tremendous fisheries and eco-tourism potential. It is also a source region for Live Reef Fish (LRF) grown out in mariculture cages that contributes towards the multi-million dollar Asia Pacific commodity chain: the Live Reef Food Fish Trade (LRFFT). We attempt to provide a historical development of socio-demographics of the Banggi region along with an introduction to LRF cage initiatives and cultural beliefs regarding crocodiles to enhance understanding of the marginalized island communities and how they interact with the flourishing marine ecosystem around them. The Banggi region is a large portion of Tun Mustapha Park, a multiple use marine protected area (MPA) that falls under the jurisdiction of Sabah Parks.

    Banggi Island, Balambangan Island, Tun Mustapha Park, small island economy, transboundary trade, Subnational Island jurisdictions, Coral Triangle

  4. AbstractKeywords

    While tourism has become the key to the economic prosperity and development of Albania, most islands located in the marine and non-marine environment are now facing immediate and significant problems. Regardless of their size, Albanian islands are facing various conservation and management challenges today due to local environmental problems that are associated with tourism development. There is significant potential for a more sustainable tourism across the country. The aim of this paper is to give a framework and overview on the management of protected areas in small islands in Albania with particular focus on those located in coastal areas. Frameworks for conservation development and coastal zone management are suggested taking into account the nature of the surrounding coastal or littoral environment. The conservation approach primarily looks at the plastic-free area and waste management, issues of great concern that have been featuring in the last three decades of the country’s transition from collective to market economy. In order that biodiversity richness to continue to provide opportunities for responsible tourism, it is argued that such frameworks should be adaptable and implemented for sustainable development.

    marine environment, island, coastal zone management, marine and coastal tourism, sustainable tourism development

  5. AbstractKeywords

    Plastics have proven useful in contemporary society. But accumulation of plastics in form of litter in the marine environment has become prevalent pollution affecting all of the worlds’ oceans. The Philippines being an archipelagic country heavily depends on the marine environment and the ecosystem services that it provides. However, it is also ranked as the third-largest producer of marine plastic pollution and the number one plastic riverine emitter. Tourism is an important economic activity for coastal populations throughout the Philippine archipelago. But there are limited studies that investigate plastic pollution in the tourism sector of the Philippines. This study assessed the macroplastic prevalence in the tourism environment of Barobo, Surigao del Sur. Plastic litters were sampled from four growing tourism sites (Cabgan Island, Turtle Island, Dapdap Beach, Panaraga Beach) of Barobo by establishing transect lines with quadrats. Results reveal that all four sites are contaminated with plastic litters. In terms of mainland and island beaches, beaches located on the island have thrice as many plastics with 0.41 items/m2, compared to 0.15 items/m2 on the mainland beaches. Plastic collected were predominantly food packaging, plastic bags, and fragments. Clean coast index calculations reveal that the tourist beaches of Barobo are moderately clean and clean beaches by international standards.

    macroplastic, beach, tourism, clean coast index, marine plastic litter

  6. AbstractKeywords

    The location in Cornwall (UK) known as Tintagel Island is, in fact, a peninsula of a type that has been referred to as an ‘almost island’ by virtue of having many island-like characteristics. Tintagel is best known as an ancient heritage site and, in the modern era at least, access from the adjacent cliff lines has been difficult, requiring a steep descent to a low, narrow isthmus and a steep ascent at the other side. In 2015 the English Heritage (EH) organisation announced a competition to design a bridge between the cliffs and the Tintagel site in an effort to modernise and maximise its appeal and ease of pedestrian access. This announcement mobilised contrasting discourses between Cornish heritage advocates and EH that centred on both the almost islandness of the locale (and the degree to which that would be compromised by bridging) and its essential heritage profile. These debates, the successful bridge design and its opening are analysed with particular regard to the cultural disruptions arising from the site’s modification.

    Bridged islands, ‘almost islands’, heritage, Tintagel, Cornwall

  7. AbstractKeywords

    This article is a comparative study on the representation of islands in cinema and how film viewers make sense of islandscapes by activating cognitive processes and previous knowledge about islands and cinema. I focus on Bergman’s Summer with Monika (1952) and L. Wertmüller’s Swept Away (1974) in order to identify those cognitive processes in films from two different cinematic traditions and times. The concept of island is a domain that includes knowledge about islands, human experiences of islands and dynamic cognitive structures (see Lakoff and Johnson 1980). In this article I integrate those elements to a more comprehensive view of meaning making in cinema that includes several layers. At a cognitive level, image schematic representations can evoke standard metaphors such as island is container or island is support, but additional meanings such as island is paradise and freedom is islandscape emerge. At a discursive level, islands are often situated in the space of the Other versus the Self generally located in the mainland, and this ideological construct is related to a central tenet in the Western worldview: the opposition Nature/Human. Although these films dramatize possible biocentric alternative views such as reinhabitation (Snyder 2013), the dominant anthropocentric worldview is still favored.

    Island in Cinema, Conceptualization, Embodiment, Image Schemas, Discourse, Reinhabitation, Biocentrism versus Anthropocentrism

  8. AbstractKeywords

    Anthropogenic activities have an impact on the coastal environment, even on small islands with little economic activity. This is evident in Manamoc Island, Cuyo, Palawan. Knowledge and understanding of these impacts will enable policymakers to formulate policies arresting the problem. This study focused on establishing shoreline trends using sand boundary as a proxy and determining specific physical or natural processes and anthropogenic activities affecting coastal conditions on Manamoc Island. Key informant interview (KII), beach profiling, longshore drift direction and velocity determination, and time series analysis of shoreline were carried out. Manamoc Island coastline retreated at an average of 38–64.5m from 1989 to 2016. These were attributed to the compounding effect of natural processes, hydrometeorological events, and anthropogenic activities. The anthropogenic activities led to the destruction of natural barriers e.g. sand, rocks, coral reefs, seagrass, mangroves, and other coastal vegetation resulting in coastal erosion. With impending threats of climate change and sea-level rise, locals should consider long-term relocation. Furthermore, intensive IEC campaigns on coastal resource protection and reframing the coastal resource management plans are imperative.

    anthropogenic activities, beach profile, coastal erosion, monsoon, natural barriers

  9. AbstractKeywords

    In the early stage of China, due to the mainland regime’s control over the Zhoushan Islands, the sea border of Zhoushan Islands was in the marginal position of the country. This marginal position was caused by objective reasons, namely “objective periphery”. The abandonment of the county-level administrative system of Zhoushan Islands in the Tang Dynasty due to Yuan Chao’s uprising in Wengshan was a subjective marginalization of the status of Zhoushan Islands in the sea, that is, “subjective periphery”. The subjective periphery is completely different from the objective periphery in nature. It reflects the consciousness of the rulers at that time on a more important level. The maritime policy towards Zhoushan Islands in the Song and Yuan Dynasties not only reflected the ruler’s consciousness and the positive attitude of active openness in policy, but also reflected the forefront status of Zhoushan Islands, which was the “active forefront” period of Zhoushan Islands. The maritime embargo policy and port closure policy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties are the manifestation of the rulers’ active periphery of Zhoushan Islands, but Zhoushan Islands is still the passive forefront of the national sea. The changes of the policies of the successive regimes towards the sea and forefront of Zhoushan Islands are not only the embodiment of the national consciousness at that time, but also the embodiment of the national destiny.

    Zhoushan Islands, The Status of Coastal Areas and Territorial Seas, Periphery, Forefront

  10. AbstractKeywords

    The Bajau are a sea nomad group in Indonesia with the largest proportion of the population living nearby or utilizing marine resources in the fragile pelagic zone. In general, the Bajau have been a left-behind group and thus occupied a peripheral role in coastal and marine management and conservation. In Wakatobi, Southeast Sulawesi Province, the Bajau communities are marginalized in terms of policy recognition and development plan. This paper explores how a co-management system which is a platform to synchronize the community and organization needs in the coastal management and customary practices has failed to recruit the Bajau’s participation. The primary data were collected using multi-sited ethnographic method in five Bajau villages in Wakatobi and using key informant interviews with related stakeholders. The inter-customary controls for coastal and marine management, the issue of social cohesion within the Bajau communities, and the lack of institutional support were investigated as drivers of co-management failure in Wakatobi. The implementation of a co-management system requires multi-sectoral agreement and socio-cultural consideration. Unless the Bajau are acknowledged, accepted, and involved as an important partner in marine management and conservation, the success of the co-management system remains in doubt.

    Bajau, sea nomads, co-management, coastal management, marine conservation, Wakatobi

  11. AbstractKeywords

    The concept of smallness is not only found in Island Studies but also in International Relations, a study that discusses the interaction of political units in the international world. Both Island Studies and International Relations see smallness as a characteristic that can influence the behavior of small island states. This paper tries to bring together the two studies by discussing the case of Bermuda, an island with a semi-autonomous status which has a level of sovereignty close to that of sovereign states. The authors argue that smallness does not always translate into a completely negative condition. Some small states actually depart from their weak position in the international world to then develop their soft power, or the ability to attract the attention of other international actors in a non-coercive manner. In the case of Bermuda, its limited bargaining position in the international world actually makes it more focused on developing sports as its leading sector. Through the sports sector, Bermuda develops its brand to furtherly engage with other international actors and gains economic benefits from it.

    Bermuda, paradiplomacy, sport, tourism, international relations

Short Communication

  1. AbstractKeywords

    Seafood tourism is recently gathering a growing attention as part of tourism practice and research. Fish production and consumption have also a significant role in food tourism management and marketing. This research note explores the role of fish in two fine dining restaurants located in the town of Cambrils, a coastal and marine destination in southern Catalonia. Results show the fish-based identity of both restaurants and reveal how fish-based menus communicate a sense of place which is focused on the knowledge of the territory and the seasonal component of fish-based products. Theoretical and practical implications, and further research opportunities, are described.

    culinary heritage, gastronomy tourism, marine environments, wild foods

v10n2, 2021

  1. AbstractKeywords

    This paper examines the special characteristics of tourism development on the Adriatic islands, focusing on Hvar Town, the largest town and port on the island of Hvar and its busiest destination. The research was carried out using the method of semi-structured interviews. A total of 30 interviews were conducted with the local residents (mostly employed in the tourism sector) and temporary/seasonal visitors. The intention was to learn about the current state of tourism in the town and look at the possible scenarios for the future development of sustainable tourism, based on its three inter-connected aspects: environmental, economic and socio-cultural. The research also considered the influence of various tourism actors on the development, the possibilities of agritourism, the role and importance of cultural tourism and, finally yet importantly, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the last year's drastically shortened summer season. The results show that mass tourism (and its subset party tourism) have dominated the tourist offer since 2000 onwards, changing the reputation of Hvar as the elite travel destination or the family holiday destination it used to have before.

    Tourism development, the Adriatic islands, the island of Hvar, the town of Hvar, mass-tourism

  2. AbstractKeywords

    Islands hold a special place in the hearts and minds of travelers. The depiction of islands as a paradise and the sense of idyllic fantasy that travellers invoke with respect to islands is, in essence, a rudimentary attempt to brand islands. Islands are celebrated as being distinct from non-islands in ways rooted in the place, and the pursuit to discover characteristics that distinguish islands from their non-island counterparts is the quest to understand islandness. It should be no surprise then if some island destination management organizations, responsible for the creation of engaging and compelling brand identities, integrate themes related to islandness in the brands they develop to promote island destinations. This paper examines the incorporation of islandness themes as part of the brands developed to promote tourism by comparing islands and non-islands destinations. The tourism logos used by 85 island- and 146 non-island destinations were reviewed to assess the degree to which the logos included themes related to islandness. Employing a modified Likert-scale, study findings show island themes are not used exclusively by islands, but instead are used to various degrees and in different ways by islands and non-islands alike. This suggests that many of the themes related to islandness are not unique to islands and apply in some cases to non-island destinations as well. In addition, the findings may be interpreted to mean that the investigation of logos as a proxy for understanding islandness in island tourism brand identities is insufficient and inadequate, and a more fulsome investigation into the various ways of expressing brand identity might provide greater insights.

    Islandness, Islands, Logos, Non-Islands, Place Branding, Island Tourism, Tourism Marketing

  3. Distribution Strategies of Vascular Plants at the Reclaimed Lands at the Saemangum Sea Dike PDF Kyoung Hoon Yang, Seung Bin Park, Si Yeon Kim, Jang-Sam Cho, Jeom-Sook Lee, Changhoon You, Jae-Eun Kim, Hong Gwan Ju, Seung Ho Lee, Sun-Kee Hong, Hyeon-Ho Myeong, Seok Yeoul Ko, Jin-Won Choi, Hyo-Sik Yang, & Jong-Wook Kim 10.21463/jmic.2021.10.2.03
    AbstractKeywords

    The distribution of plant communities in the reclaimed land of the southwestern coasts of South Korea, along with the environmental or plant factors, was studied through canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and the competitor (C), stress tolerator (S), and ruderal (R) (CSR) ecological strategies. The coastal reclaimed land plants were classified into three plant-factor groups in the CCA biplot diagram. Axis1 was correlated with LS, SLA, CH, and FS. Axis 2 was correlated with LDMC, FP, and LDW. The reclaimed landplants were classified into three soil-factor groups in the CCA biplot diagram. First, the group factor was correlated with SAND. Second, the group factor was distributed according to T-N and TOC. Third, the group factor was distributed according to Salinity content. To clarify the relative significance of competition, stress, and disturbance in the distribution process of plant communities, the CSR distribution model was adopted. Sixteen of the 19 species were allocated to the factors related to the ruderals strategies such as R/CR and CR including R/CSR, SR/CSR, and CR/CSR, and SC strategies. They displayed ruderal and competition adaptation strategies reflecting the ecological environment. Seven species showed R/CR (ruderal/competitor-ruderal) strategies; Aeschno meneindica, Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, Lolium perenne, Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus, Phragmites communis, Portulaca oleracea, and Soncous brachyotus and 6 species showed CR (competitor-ruderal) strategies; Bidens frondosa, Echinochloa crus-galli, Echino chloaoryzicola, Erigeron canadensis, Fimbristy lislongispica and Setaria viridis. The three species with R-related strategies were Artemisia princeps, Lolium perenne, and Trifolium repens. The distribution patterns of the CCA diagrams and CSR triangles may provide a useful scientific basis for protecting and restoring reclaimed lands and their valuable ecosystem services, from the increasing disturbances.

    reclaimed land, CCA analysis, CSR strategy, plant distribution

  4. AbstractKeywords

    The study aimed to understand the forest structure and ecological factors influencing mangrove distribution in eight mangrove forests across three climatic zones in Sri Lanka. We studied mangrove diversity and vegetation structure with 10m wide belt transects laid of different lengths (n=96) across the land-water gradient. Mangroves along the transect were identified, enumerated, and measured diameter at breast height (DBH). Subsurface water samples were taken in the adjoining lagoon/estuary to assess the environmental parameters (n=144), and water quality parameters were measured. Site-dependent spatial changes in the community structure were depicted through cluster analysis (CA). The forest survey revealed a heterogeneous mixture of 20 true mangrove species across the sites dominated by AvicenniaRhizophora, and Sonneratia spp. Among the several environmental parameters analyzed by the distance-based redundancy ordination analysis (dbRDA), salinity, dissolved oxygen, and precipitation were found to be controlling factors in mangrove community structure. In addition, discriminant analysis confirmed the presence of ecological-phytosociological influence on mangrove assemblages identified through CA. The significant structural parameters tree density, and taxonomic diversity when tested using the canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP), altered the species abundance across the sites surveyed. The results suggest that there is a strong linkage between phytosociology and ecology with the mangrove forest distribution and this relationship needs to be considered wisely to fortify successful restoration practices.

    Mangroves, Sri Lanka, Ecology, Phytosociology, Restoration, Conservation

  5. AbstractKeywords

    As an important area in terms of biodiversity and fish stocks in Vietnam, Cu Lao Cham or Cham Islands (CLC) marine protected area (MPA) is under increasing threat from human activities. Conservation efforts have recently been implemented but economic analysis of the CLC MPA’s natural values did not investigate what may affect policy decisions on CLC MPA’s sustainable development. Using a structured questionnaire and a payment card technique (based on the contingent valuation method), we estimate visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP) for conservation of marine resources in the CLC MPA. The log-normal regression results indicate that the visitors’ WTP for conservation is affected by their characteristics, perceptions of environmental protection and conservation, and their assessment of the current CLC MPA entrance fee. Visitors are WTP an additional amount of US$2.26 per person for conservation while visiting the CLC MPA. This indicates that with the introduction of the proposed entrance fee (the mean WTP added to the current entrance fee), the CLC MPA management would not only have sufficient funds for their management and conservation programmes, but also that the number of visitors may decline slightly, which would reduce some of the pressure on the environment, natural resources, and coral reefs.

    Conservation, Cu Lao Cham, entrance fee, marine protected area, willingness to pay

  6. AbstractKeywords

    This article focuses on the story ‘Mabuigumi’ (‘Spirit Stuffing,’ 1998) by Medoruma Shun, a contemporary writer of Okinawan descent. The story explicitly depicts the history of the Battle of Okinawa and the people who were traumatized by the war. First, this article demonstrates that landscapes and living things evoke memories of the war and people, and they play a significant role in showing that people’s present lives remain threatened. Second, the article conjectures that an āman (a hermit crab) represents Okinawa, which was traumatized by the mainland, and shows that Uta (the protagonist) is burdened by the guilt of her own survival. In addition, it considers the love of a mother (Omito) and son (Kōtarō) for each other. Third, this article illustrates that the history of the mainland was decentralized through visual expressions of personal memories of war. The history of mainland Japan does not regard the fact that Japanese soldiers killed Okinawans during the Battle of Okinawa. History, as officially narrated by the Okinawans, changes its narrative content depending on the shifting relationship between Okinawa and the mainland. This work relativizes and decentralizes the official historical narratives of the mainland and Okinawa through repressed personal memories of the war.

    landscape and living things, metaphor, Battle of Okinawa, memory, decentering

  7. AbstractKeywords

    Remoteness is an attribute that has often been negatively attached to island-spaces like the Andaman Islands, separated from the Indian mainland by the vast Bay of Bengal, located at the ‘liquid borderlands’ of South and Southeast Asia. The Covid-19 pandemic, on the other hand, has popularised the use of ‘remote’ methods of enabling religio-social interaction. The islanders of these geographically ‘remote’ locations use these ‘remote’ ways of connecting to perform their religious practices and maintain their faith networks, which is otherwise compromised due to the pandemic-induced restrictions on social gatherings. By exploring the ‘online’ global faith networks of the little-known Matua religion, as well as, the social, technical and logistical constraints in the devotees’ access to ‘remote’ religion, the paper addresses two questions: first, how do individuals play out their identities, both as islander and as devotee, ‘online’; second, what are the corresponding technological and logistical conditions that enable their ‘presence’ and who are the ‘absent’ actors. Drawing from remotely collected data, particularly online ethnography and telephonic interviews, the paper explores the mediating role of technology in destabilizing, as well as, solidifying concepts of remoteness and isolation, particularly in the peripheries of nation, during times of restricted mobility.

    Remoteness, Gender, Religion, Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal, Matua

  8. AbstractKeywords

    In this study, based on the bottom-up spillover theory, the effects of living area satisfaction such as housing, public transportation access, access to medical institutions, access to cultural facilities and natural environments, and access to public institutions on life satisfaction were analyzed. For the analysis, raw data of the “Regional Resident Needs Survey for Establishment of the 4th Local Social Security Plan” conducted in Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do in 2018 was used. After allocating ‘eup’ and ‘myeon’ for the survey, a researcher visited the area and conducted a direct visit. And in the final analysis, the data of 195 people were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze factors affecting life satisfaction. Based on the research results, practical and policy suggestions were presented to improve the satisfaction of life for the elderly in the island area.

    Satisfaction with housing, satisfaction with access to public transportation, satisfaction with access to medical institutions, satisfaction with access to cultural facilities and natural environment, satisfaction with access to public institutions, life satisfaction

  9. AbstractKeywords

    The on-going COVID-19 pandemic is expected to exacerbate the marine litter problem. The use of disposable personal protective equipment (e.g., facemasks) will result to increase in marine plastics pollution. Here we explored the potential of citizen science to determine the distribution of marine litter associated with COVID-19 in Mindanao, Philippines. Volunteers were invited through social media, contributing geotagged photographs of marine litter associated with COVID-19. Although the information is limited, results showed the possible pervasiveness of marine litter associated with COVID-19. Since the waters surrounding the Southern Philippines is known to host high marine biodiversity, the potential negative interaction of marine litter associated with COVID-19 and marine species is inevitable. The contribution of citizen science to address some of the limitations on marine litter research is highlighted and is recommended to be explored further.

    COVID-19, facemask, marine litter, plastics pollution, citizen science, Philippines

v10n1, 2021

  1. AbstractKeywords

    Floreana, the smallest and least inhabited island in the Galapagos, is considered both a “hell” and a “paradise”; a remote and isolated place and, at the same time, a context that today has more comforts and privileges than the Mainland. Extensive ethnography developed over a decade, which analyses the practices, discourses and tactics of the islanders and other social actors, shows how Floreana residents live with high levels of transformation, resemanticise, and creatively blend elements of continuity and innovation. The historical and anthropological analysis of anthropisation on this island reveals a process characterised by dynamism, paradox, and ambivalence, resulting in unique tactics of empowerment by a heterogeneous population that has, nonetheless, generated a strong local identity. The study describes a complex microislandness, in which isolation and hyper-connectivity are compatible, and where State wages, environmental protectionism, tourism, the Internet, and other global features do not impede but rather favour the concept of fleeing to and living ‘at World’s End’ in an experience that resituates the local within the global.

    Islandness, isolation, connectivity, Tourism, Environmental protection, Galapagos

  2. AbstractKeywords

    Lampedusa is today best known in relation to migration. The island has confronted one migration crisis after the other for the past three decades, resulting in extensive media coverage. Whereas Lampedusa, a small island in the central Mediterranean region, has an economy mainly based on tourism, its name remains associated with migration, which is believed to negatively impact the island’s image and the performance of its tourism sector. On the other hand, migration has to some extent, put Lampedusa on the map, helping the island gain popularity. The island’s existing tourism model is based on sun, sand, and sea (3S) and is made attractive by its beaches, one of which has ranked as the best beach in the world, as well as by marketing efforts presenting Lampedusa as 'the Caribbean island of the Mediterranean'. However, migration and 3S are camouflaging other resources that are key to the island’s image. Lampedusa has a terrestrial nature reserve as well as a marine protected area that is home to several charismatic marine species, making it an ideal ecotourism destination. These resources can be used not only to depict a more representative image of the island but also to develop a sustainable tourism model that is suitable to a small island.

    migration, island, image, Mediterranean, ecotourism, protected areas

  3. AbstractKeywords

    This paper considers the role of art in ocean conservation. Drawing on the presentations and work of two artists featured in the One Ocean Hub Art and Emotions webinar hosted during the UN World Ocean Week, the paper focuses specifically on the sensorial nature of art and of human beings and the role that art can play in advancing ocean conservation. The main argument offered is that ocean conservation plans and policies should consider the importance of humans to ocean conservation, the importance of human artistic endeavour to ocean activism and finally the importance of the sensory to human experience. Acknowledging and recognising the importance of human sensory experience in relation to the sea, can nuance existing discourses of ocean use and benefits, revealing human priorities and potential obstacles to conservation. Third, by leveraging human sensory expression through art, ocean conservation advocates may be able to refine and produce more effective communication for ocean conservation. Finally, recognising the sensory (and the artistic) is key to reorienting humanity as it enters a post-anthropocentric age, marked by dramatic ecological change.

    Ocean Conservation, Sustainable Development Goals, Sensory Ethnography and Art

  4. AbstractKeywords

    All destinations—including islands—have an identity, shaped by the shared lived experiences and perspectives of various parties. Because sense of place is inherently reliant on human interaction (both with place and with each other), island identities are created, co-created, and communicated through various channels. One such channel is the messaging produced to market island destinations to various audiences. In marketing, a brand identity comprises the attributes or characteristics that separate one brand from another and highlight its uniqueness. Island destinations, like other tourism destinations (and brands in general), embed themes in their logos to help create a brand identity and to communicate with target audiences. The current study analyzed a sample of 84 island destination logos and identified a number of recurrent themes, with water, landscape/seascape, flora and fauna, and islandness being most prominent. Findings are discussed in the context of island identity, tourism, and marketing, highlighting opportunities for further exploration by island scholars and marketers alike. A greater understanding of island branding strategy is critical, as it offers island destinations a crucial advantage in an increasingly competitive tourism industry.

    brand identity, branding, island identity, island tourism, logo imagery, thematic analysis, tourism logos

  5. AbstractKeywords

    In recent years there has been consideration of some peninsular areas as ‘almost-islands’ (presqu'îles, in French usage). Assertion of such status has usually relied on spatial configuration and the nature of transport links and/or border issues between the areas in question and adjacent regions.  Bodies of land that are connected to mainlands by narrow isthmuses have been particularly prone to characterisation as ‘almost-islands’ but, to date, factors such as the perceived insularity of particular peninsulas within larger metropolitan areas have not featured as prominently in discussions. This article emphasises the latter with regard to the types of insularity perceived within two areas of Australia’s largest city, Sydney: its Northern Beaches and Sutherland Shire. These areas have been referred to in local and metropolitan media as ‘insular peninsulas’, a term distinctive to Australian English Language usage. Both are also known for their attractive beaches and swimming and surfing opportunities, factors that have contributed to local territorialism and related social tensions.  Consideration of these two areas contributes to more general discussions of insular peninsularity by emphasising nuanced gradations involving factors such as socio-cultural homogeneity, local identity and perceived territorial rights.

    Insular peninsula, almost-islandness, Sydney, Northern Beaches, Sutherland Shire, Cronulla, Manly

  6. AbstractKeywords

    Island imaginary describes the unspoken or undocumented fabric that weaves together the operations within an island. Yet, these imaginaries are sometimes perceived as intangible and often misunderstood by non-islanders, who attempt to impose contradictory realities on islanders. This study investigates identity through the imaginaries expressed by island residents within the context of a changing identity. Waiheke Island has been experiencing recurrent issues of identity and undergoing transformational developments. We sought to identify components of island identity; factors that undermine island identity; and actions that might contribute to sustaining their identity. We employed a qualitative approach using interviews and thematic analysis.  We identified three thematic components of identity, namely place identity, individual identity, and community identity. We determined triggers that could undermine identities such as external infiltration and transportation. Finally, we identified responses that could support residents in affirming or reiterating their identity including island secession, better fund allocation and community efforts. Most respondents value different aspects of their environment for being scenic, safe, special, and shared. Waihekeans prefer to be identified and appreciated for their diverse and unique characteristics, without their identities being undermined. They favour a strategic and controlled form of development, while preserving their uniqueness.

    Island identity, island studies, relationality, islandness, island development, island-mainland relations, Waiheke Island

  7. AbstractKeywords

    This study aimed to analyze the reasons that the Regent of Bondowoso chose Madurese culture to be a tourist destination for Bondowoso Regency, and the impact of the commodification of Madurese culture on the welfare of the Bondowoso community. The theory of commodification and historical method were used in this study. The primary data were collected through participatory observation, interview, and colonial sources (documentation), while secondary data were collected from various sources which include published works, results of related studies, and related government reports. The population was the Madurese community in Bondowoso Regency. The results of the study had proven that Madurese Culture like Kerapan Sapi and Sapi Sonok (cow’s beauty contest) had been contesting in front of the public since the Dutch colonial period, while Ronteg Singo Ulung, Pojien Dance and Petik Kopi ritual had been used as tourism commodities in Bondowoso Regency since 2017. In this importance, the Regent of Bondowoso chose Madurese culture as a lure for tourists; both domestic and foreign tourists. This action was to improve the welfare of the community, as well as generating revenue for the Regional Government and Village Government.

    Madurese Culture, Commodification, History, Civilization, Heritage, Culture

  8. AbstractKeywords

    This article examines the progression of the two colonies which came to the English crown as a result of the Anglo-Portuguese marriage treaty of 1661, Tangier and Bombay. The years 1662-85 act as the border for this study, taking in the entire duration of Tangier’s existence as an English crown colony and Bombay’s emergence as a settlement of the East India Company. Whilst English Tangier was a noted failure in colonial terms, the long-term development of Bombay proved to be a major success for the British in the subcontinent. Whilst this study will examine these divergent fortunes in social, economic and military terms, questions will also be posed as to the role which royal and chartered trading company patronage played in the success of these two settlements. This in turn will feed into the ongoing debate surrounding global approaches to colonial expansion and empire, as well as demonstrate the benefits and limitations of royal patronage in colonial development.

    English Tangier, Early-Modern Patronage, c. 17 Bombay, Colonial Governance, Royal Colonies

  9. AbstractKeywords

    What makes an island a Small Island Developing State or SIDS? There is no universally agreed definition, so what are the characteristics that single out these islands from the thousands of others? The variety of classifications being used by the United Nations and other International Organisations suggests that the label Small - Island - Developing – States does not adequately describe those characteristics. This article investigates what those characteristics might be and whether a criteria-based classification for Small Island Developing States is feasible.

    Islands, Small Island Developing States, SIDS, Classification

  10. AbstractKeywords

    Islands have ecological value and play roles such as maritime boundaries and territorial protection, but their economic outlook is not bright, and above all, improving residential conditions is difficult due to their aging and declining populations. Education on islands is worse than some of their other underdeveloped sectors. Therefore, this study investigated the current status of education and improvement plans for the island of Ulleungdo, South Korea. According to a survey of 327 of its residents, school education played an important role in finding employment, and the most frequent response was that the number of experts in charge of education on Ulleungdo was insufficient. The measures suggested for improving lifelong education were developing and distributing programs and strengthening the professionalism of educators.

    To solve the educational problems on Ulleungdo, we suggest the following: develop educational programs for parents, offer career experiences for youths and young adults, establish Ulleung County People’s University, and support learning clubs.

    island, Ulleungdo, education, lifelong education

  11. AbstractKeywords

    This study aimed to explore how Japan expanded its fishery bases in Joseon and colonized and ruled the coastal and offshore areas of Joseon and its fishery industry by analyzing the conditions and characteristics of Japanese migrant fishing villages in Ulsan. This study also examined how the private exchange between Joseon and Japanese people was formed during the colonial era.

    There were free-migration fishing villages, such as Sinam, Sejukpo, Ilsanjin, and Jeongja, where Japanese fishermen migrated and settled to make a living and earn personal incomes by catching fish, such as sardines, sole, and cero. In the case of Jeonhari, it was initially an aid-migration fishing village, which was formed as the Shimane Prefecture government offered aid grants to have fishermen migrate and later more Japanese fishermen migrated by their free will. Bangeojin was a migrant fishing village formed based on the combination of free migration and aid migration. The establishment of those migrant fishing villages was managed as part of Japan’s colonial policies as the Japanese government intended to colonize Joseon. The Japanese government aimed to obtain the fishery resources of Joseon, and there was also a strategic intention to have Japanese people migrate to geographically important spots in the Korean peninsula and have a militarily competitive edge.

    It was also found that the fish caught in migrant fishing villages were carried to Japan to be used for military food procurement in times of war, as seen in Sinam, Sejukpo, and Bangeojin. The early process of the colonization of Joseon was confirmed through the Association of Japanese People formed in Bangeojin, which gave Japanese people the privilege to engage in commerce in Joseon and supported Japanese settlers, groups, and organizations that aided in the colonization of Joseon. Lastly, this study analyzed how private exchange between Joseon and Japanese people was formed during the colonial era. There were conflicts between Joseon and Japanese people at red-light districts, public baths, and schools. Conversely, the records about the Joseon person hired by a Japanese store owner and a Joseon person who gave considerations to Japanese people showed personal trust and friendly attitude between civilians beyond the relationship between colonizers and the colonized at a governmental level.

    Migrant fishing village in Ulsan, intrusion, marine products, fishery, colony, Private Exchange

  12. AbstractKeywords

    For countries that are geographically blessed with islands, island tourism is a potential segment that can be exploited, especially in view of the intense competition in attracting tourists to the Southeast Asian region. Layang-Layang Island, Malaysia, which is located in the middle of the South China Sea is a renowned diving destination known for its hammerhead sharks and other pelagic marine life. Despite having hosted tourists (particularly divers) for nearly two decades, Layang-Layang Island is much under-researched. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the tourist experience in Layang-Layang Island by utilising online reviews extracted from the TripAdvisor website. Leximancer software was utilised to analyse the data and generate concepts out of words.  Five themes were derived from the data analysis which flight, resort, diving, day and reef. The findings provide insights into the positioning of Layang-Layang Island from the tourists’ perspectives and maybe a useful reference for its future development.

    Tourist experience, Layang-Layang Island, online reviews, TripAdvisor

  13. AbstractKeywords

    Natuna Island is one of the outer islands in Indonesia with under-development conditions due to its remote location. The government initiated to build fisheries industrialization and turning them into a growth center. So far, it is considered to only have affected their economic life. In fact, it also impacted the social life of their local community. However, differences in the characteristics of the people on small islands which are different from those on the main islands, may result in the destruction of endogenous social relations of the community by the industrialization process. This paper identifies the impact of exogenous development in the form of fisheries industrialization on the social life of the fisherman using the Social Impact Analysis (SIA) method. Sources of data were obtained from FGD with stakeholders, in-depth and semi-structured interviews, content analysis of related documents, as well as observations. From the study results, it is evident that there have been several negative impacts on fishing community due to fisheries industrialization. This impact results in the loss of social strength in the form of access to marine production bases. Local fishermen are driven out of their own sea areas, in the sense that their fishing grounds are used by other fishermen so that they have to change fishing locations. Second, there is no development of political power in the form of individual access to making decisions, voicing aspirations, and acting as a group because the established institution is only used as a formality to get assistance. Finally, fishermen's self-confidence has decreased because they continue to feel unsupported. The increasing number of new players in the sea area often adds to the fishermen's sense of inferiority. These changes seem to discourage the local community from supporting the implementation of the government development programs.

    Social Impact, Outer Islands, Natuna, Fisheries industrialization, Fishing community

v9n2, 2020

  1. Importance of Biotic and Soil Factors in Determining the Distribution Strategies of Coastal Salt Marsh Plants PDF Dong-Ho Son, Jeom-Sook Lee, Da Eun Kim, Seung Ho Lee, Sun-Kee Hong, Hyeon-Ho Myeong, Jang-Sam Cho, Jae-Choon Lee, Jae-Young Lee, Hwi Joon Seon, & Jong-Wook Kim 10.21463/jmic.2020.09.2.01
    AbstractKeywords

    The distribution of plant communities in the salt marshes of the southwestern coasts of South Korea was studied, along with environmental or plant factors, by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and the competitor (C), stress tolerator (S), and ruderal (R) (CSR) ecological strategies. The coastal salt-marsh plants were classified into three plant-factor groups in the CCA biplot diagram. Group 1 was correlated with LS and FP. Group 2 was correlated with CH and SLA, and Group 3 was correlated with LA, LDMC and LDW. The salt-marsh plants were classified into four soil-factor groups in the CCA biplot diagram. First, the group factor was correlated with TN, TOC, and Ca2+. Second, the group factor was distributed according to Mg2+, soil texture as Clay and Silt. Third, the group factor was distributed according to Salinity and Na+ content. Fourth, the group factor was distributed according to Sand content. To clarify the relative significance of competition, stress, and disturbance in the distribution process of plant communities, the CSR distribution model was adopted. The nine species showed CR (competitor-ruderal) strategies: Artemisia fukudo, Artemisia scoparis, Aster tripolium, Atriplex gmelinii, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Salicornia europaea, Suaeda japonica, and Suaeda maritima. The four species with C (competitor) strategies were Artemisia capillaris, Limonium tetragonum, Triglochin maritimum, and Zoysia sinica. Carex scabrifolia and Phragmites communis displayed SC (stress-tolerant-competitor). Both distribution patterns of the CCA diagrams and CSR triangles may provide a useful scientific basis for protecting and restoring salt marshes and their valuable ecosystem services, considering the increasing disturbances.

    salt-marsh plants, plant and soil factor, CCA analysis, CSR strategy

  2. AbstractKeywords

    The United State Ship (U.S.S.) Kearsarge, a Sloop of War, is considering the most famous and glorious ship of the American Civil War after sinking the Confederate State Ship (C.S.S.) Alabama, in 1864 in France. It also represented technological innovations in the second half of the 19th century, combining steam power and sails. After shipwreck on Roncador Cay, Colombia, in 1894, it was abandoned with the armament onboard (seven guns). This paper aims to analyze the causes of the U.S.S. Kearsarge marine accident from the sociocultural factors and environmental conditions, examining the court-martial records, logbook, testimonies, nautical material, and geography in this part of the Caribbean Sea. The article will explore an episode in the United States naval history from a shipwreck that left a mark in the United States (U.S.) Navy and American society from geopolitical and technological context. A court-martial declared guilty of negligence the two officers with the highest rank on board the same year of the accident. The court determined human error from the Commander and lack of support from the navigation officer during the loss of the U.S.S. Kearsarge.

    Shipwreck, U.S.S. Kearsarge, Caribbean Sea, Roncador Cay, the United States, Colombia

  3. AbstractKeywords

    While traditional historiography does establish that history cannot bypass islands, these spaces have in fact been regarded as anecdotes amidst the great historical processes and it has hardly been reflected upon the origin of its maritime culture. This research paper addresses a supranational territory, Macaronesia, and questions the origin of its island identity in order to understand what these islanders' perception of their plural maritime culture has been and how this identity was formed through myths and stories.

    Methodologically, this research draws from a critique of transatlantic historiographic approaches while systematizing the main contributions of island historians. The study is underpinned by the analysis of accounts wherein chroniclers and historians allude to the origin of Macaronesic identity and culture. The islands are tackled on their own terms and the sociocultural perspective is emphasized with the aim of applying the fundamentals of nesology to historical knowledge. This research addresses the history, myth and historicality of the myth in order to understand the foundation of a contemporary aquapelagic and transnational society, whose early beginnings were marked by the complementarity between islands and the ability to transfer cultural traces between borders.

    Maritime culture, mythical perception, historical consciousness, conceptualisation of space, island societies

  4. AbstractKeywords

    Islands and archipelagos are exceptionally dependent on the nature of their transport infrastructure, with cross-sea transport links being of fundamental importance for mobility. Traditionally, the island geography research literature has engaged in a binary and oppositional understanding of the relationship between fixed links such as bridges and tunnels on the one hand and waterborne transport such as ferries on the other. The present paper uses the case of Zhoushan Archipelago (Zhejiang Province, China) to challenge this perception of fixed links and waterborne transport as inherently conflictual by showing how these distinct modes of cross-sea transport have complemented one another and fundamentally altered archipelagic mobilities. We show that even transformative transport infrastructures do not necessarily simply replace existing infrastructures but may instead add to the complexity of the local transport network. In Zhoushan Archipelago, a vast network of new and future inter-island and island-mainland road and rail bridges and tunnels are altering local industry and society as well as the relationship between the archipelago and the mainland, yet ferries remain important for transport between islands and between certain islands and the mainland. We argue that it is fruitful to consider the potential complementarity of different kinds of cross-sea transport links.

    archipelagos, bridges, China, ferries, islands, transport links, Zhoushan

  5. AbstractKeywords

    Cod has been one of the fish that human beings have loved. It has not been long since it recovered from its situation of almost extinction in all oceans of the world. The historical process of its depletion and recovery raises key questions: Who owns the common pool resource? Who should manage the common pool resource? These have led to several strategies and countermeasures, some of which have been successful at stemming species decline.

    In South Korea, cod has long recorded high production due to its high demand as a favorite fish species. However, the phenomenon of declining and depleting cod led to a situation where we had to take seriously the question of who and how to manage cod. Having repeatedly experienced the exhaustion and recovery of the resource, fishermen had to think seriously about the crisis of their profession and the sustainability of the fishery. To achieve it, fishermen organized the fishing community, made a set of rules, and began common activities to manage resources and use fishing grounds. The voluntary resource management activities and practices of the fishing community began to take effect as they interacted with local governments and the fisheries authorities. Fishermen are now carrying out cultural activities not only for their livelihood, but also for the sustainability of cod fishing.

    In this paper, I will examine how the fishing community strategy and practice interacted with the system and achieved successful results through the case analysis of cod fishing in Geoje.

    cod fishery, common pool resource, autonomous management, sustainable fishery

  6. AbstractKeywords

    Bioturbation is an important process in the soft-bottom ecosystem to return nutrients in the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of bioturbation activities on the growth of mangrove saplings (Rhizophora apiculata). A caging experiment using a total of 16 plots each measuring 1 × 1 m containing two mangrove saplings in each plot (N=32 saplings) with eight caged and eight uncaged plots were placed randomly in Guang-guang, Davao Oriental, Philippines. The set-up was monitored for five months. The length of internode, number of nodes, leaves and length of branches of the saplings were measured and counted. In addition, the number of mounds, holes and fiddler crabs were also counted in the uncaged, marked plots to determine their activities. Result of the comparison of the number of holes, mounds, and fiddler crabs showed high significant differences with the number of holes in the sediment being greater in the uncaged set-ups (holes > mounds = fiddler crab; P<0.001). Further, the result based on t-test showed high significant differences in terms of internode length (uncaged=35.68 cm vs caged=33.19 cm; t-value=-5.15; P<0.001), number of nodes (uncaged=8.70 vs caged=6.75; t-value=-8.55; P<0.001), and branch length (uncaged=6.0 cm vs caged=5.24 cm; t-value= -2.73, P=0.008) as well as for the number of leaves (uncaged=7.12 vs caged=6.0 leaves; t-value=-4.83, P<0.001). The study concludes that bioturbation by fiddler crabs can affect the growth of saplings.

    Bioturbation, Davao Oriental, fiddler crabs, mangrove saplings, Mati City, Rhizophora apiculata

  7. Fauna and Flora of Forests Over Limestone in Calicoan Island, Guiuan Marine Reserve Protected Landscape and Seascape (GMRPLS), Eastern Samar, Philippines PDF Desamarie Antonette P. Fernandez, Marjorie D. delos Angeles, Ren Divien R. Obeña, Paul John S. Tolentino, Elaine Loreen C. Villanueva, & Inocencio E. Buot Jr. 10.21463/jmic.2020.09.2.07
    AbstractKeywords

    This study presents the first checklist of the lesser known terrestrial biodiversity in forests over limestone karst of Calicoan Island in Guiuan Marine Reserve Protected Landscape and Seascape, Guiuan, Eastern Samar, Philippines. Plants and terrestrial vertebrate species in nine 20x20 m plots and 18 line transects were recorded and identified. A total of 60 bird, eight reptile, one amphibian, and six mammal species were recorded. Moreover, a total of 41 floral species were documented belonging to 17 plant families and 24 genera. Of the plant species recorded, 5 were shrubs and 35 were trees. This study reported a new locality record of the Philippine endemic tree species Hancea wenzeliana, and new island records for fauna such as Varanus samarensis and Cyrtodactylus sumuroi, among many others. To date, the present study is the only assessment of herpetofauna and mammals in Guiuan and represent new island records for most of these taxa in Calicoan Island. Among plants, Shorea negrosensis, Aquilaria cuminigiana and Wallaceodendron celebicum were identified to have a vulnerable conservation status based on their IUCN Red List and DENR-DAO 2017-11. These native and endemic plants can be used for reforestation programs in the area, and conserving biodiversity in general will be crucial to potential ecotourism programs.

    Guiuan, kaigangan, forest over limestone, biodiversity, ecotourism, resiliency

  8. AbstractKeywords

    Changes are evident in fern species richness, composition, and abundance as a result of environmental changes caused by forest conversion to various land use types. This study identified fern species and described its distribution pattern with reference to ecological parameters obtained from various land use types across the northeastern slope of Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, Los Baños, Philippines. The plot technique was employed using a 20x20 meter quadrat. Three 5x2 subquadrats were randomly distributed within the established quadrat. Cluster and ordination analysis were used and edaphic factors were analyzed. Fern specimens were identified (sensu PPG) and measured. Samples were collected for herbarium vouchers and were deposited at the Plant Biology Division Herbarium, University of the Philippines Los Baños (PBDH). Cluster analysis revealed six land use types: buffer, agroforest, agri-farm, roadside, mahogany, and forest. Twenty-nine (29) fern species belonging to 23 genera from 14 families were recorded across the different land use types. Among the land use types, the forest had the highest fern species richness (13) and the agri-farm and Mahogany had the least (6). Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that moisture, OM, pH, and CEC were significant explanatory drivers of fern distribution especially in the Mahogany and Agroforest land use type. Understanding the fern community patterns and edaphic factors in Mt. Makiling would aid in its conservation planning.

    Land use types, ferns, Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve

  9. AbstractKeywords

    The conservation of sea turtles in a nature-based tourism area is significant to enhance sustainability of the sea turtle population in the wild. Small islands in Lombok Island chains, the Gili Matra, are one of the significant habitats for turtles, and the island is recognized as one of the islands with fastest tourism growth in Indonesia. The research aims to explore the stakeholders’ perspectives in sea turtle conservation in Gili Matra, Lombok. Focus group discussion was implemented to identify the stakeholder perspective. Literature survey was carried out to generate related data concerning sea turtle population and its habitat quality in Gili Matra. The result of this study indicates that stakeholders can identify three species of sea turtle in Gili Matra waters, namely the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), the Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricate), and the ridley sea turtle (Lepydochely olivacea). Stakeholders state that between 1990 and 2017, there was reduction in the population size in Gili Matra. Factors related to the decrease of population in Gili Matra include decrease of habitat quality and human activity. Some recommendations were made, including increasing socialization and campaign, providing tools and facility to support conservation action, controlling unsustainable practice of fish collection, strengthening the implementation of regulation, and providing training and technical assistance to the local community and local office.

    Sea turtle, stakeholder-based conservation, wildlife tourism

  10. The endangered status of Patella ferruginea in a limpet assemblage hotspot (Plane Island: South West Alboran, Mediterranean Sea): Local distribution factors and species abundance PDF Mohammed El Mustapha Kallouche, Noureddine Benaissa, Omar Rouane-Hacene, Mohammed El Amine Soufi, Mohamed Bouderbala, Djilali Bouras, & Salim Mouffok 10.21463/jmic.2020.09.2.10
    AbstractKeywords

    Limpets constitute an important key species in the intertidal zone. The limpets’ assemblage is evaluated in Plane Island (Paloma Island, Algerian West coast) by detailed censuses which were performed in 8 zones in the main island and 9 islets. Results allowed the estimation of a total population of 3993 of the endangered Patella ferruginea (1.78ind/m), 1861 P. rustica (0.82ind/m), and 383 of the blue Mediterranean limpet P. caerulea (0.17 ind/m). The ferruginous limpet distribution around Plane Island was influenced by abiotic factors as hydrodynamics and the sea current direction. Conversely, anthropogenic factors had an important impact despite the island's distance from the mainland. This study finds that in the face of global warming, the island surface will be reduced, however limpets will have an important contribution to the island's areas and its conservation of biodiversity.

    Limpets, assemblage, abiotic factors, Patella ferruginea, densities

  11. AbstractKeywords

    This study used the experience satisfaction index from the PKNU Maritime Index to examine Koreans' preference for marine experience and use the findings as basic data for policymaking in the future. The PKNU Maritime Index of Koreans was 585.3 out of 1,000, and the experience satisfaction index was 63.6. By focusing on the experience satisfaction index, this study confirmed that the PKNU Maritime Index had changed dynamically. The analysis showed that compared to the sub-domains of the PKNU Maritime Index, the degree of experience satisfaction had continued to increase after the introduction of the index. This paper further studied the correlation and influence between the marine experience factors and the satisfaction index. Above all, this study's results are expected to provide practical implications for establishing policy alternatives related to marine experience in the Northeast Asian sea region and be used as basic data for future research.

    PKNU Maritime Index, Experience Satisfaction Index, Marine Experience Factors, Regression Analysis

  12. AbstractKeywords

    The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating effects of depression in the relationship between income inequality and satisfaction in life perceived by female fishermen. To verify the purpose of the study, we used data from a survey of 215 female fishermen residing in Jeollanam-do, Korea, conducted at Jeonnam Women’s Plaza (now “Foundation of Jeonam Women and Family”) in 2016. Hierarchical analysis and Sobel-test using SPSS ver. 21.0 were used in the analysis. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that there is a partial mediating effect of depression in the relationship between income inequality and satisfaction in life. Based on the result, we proposed practical and policy recommendations that can improve the satisfaction of female fishermen in their lives.

    female fishermen, income inequality, satisfaction in life, depression, mediating effect, Social welfare practical and policy implications

  13. AbstractKeywords

    This study provides a theoretical background on container port logistics in global supply chains. A descriptive analysis including a literature review was carried out in order to achieve the study. This study shows that the container port logistics chain involves all levels of organizational units throughout the supply chain. Therefore, it ensures coordination and exchanges in terms of physical flows, financial flows and informational flow in such a way that the goods are handled and distributed in the right kind. In addition, the analysis finds that the logistics chain required to be evolved with the international changes of maritime transport in order to keep the competitive of seaport. Thus, there is a need to optimize all seaport activities to attain the benefits of the logistics chain. Moreover, this study contributes to the field by exploring the container port logistics integration concept. One of the important findings of this study is that the port is central to logistics — the multidimensional system with a complex activities. Consequently, the findings are relevant to all actors such as transport companies and logistics service providers.

    Seaport logistics system, supply chain, container port

  14. AbstractKeywords

    Historically the tradition of male calf release in Tambakan Villlage was initiated from the vow of the defeated soldier of the kingdom of Buleleng over the kingdom of Bangli in the Island of Bali in the region of present day Indonesia. The defeated soldiers of Buleleng were hiding in the forest around the presentday village of Tambakan, Buleleng, Bali. All the soldiers vowed to the Deity dwelling in the forest to hand over a male calf if they survived the pursuit of the enemy. In the end, the enemy could not find them and the soldiers remained in the forest and continued their lives there. The village was named as Tambakan, meaning a buffer of enemy attack. The village was surrounded by a fence made from bamboo during that time. The soldiers then paid their vows by releasing male calves into the forest. This historical incident then developed to become a belief of the local peoples that if they vow to release a male calf to the Deity, then their wish will be fulfilled. Indeed many wishes of the people did come true when they released a male calf to the forest. Consequently, the population of the bulls increased in the forest, and by the influence of the Hindu Tantra sect, about 23 bulls from the forest are taken out every 2 years to be sacrificed in the temples addressed to Goddess of Durga. The meat of the sacrificed bulls is then distributed to the members of the village to be consumed. The releases of male calves gives benefit to environmental sustainability and the distribution of the meat after sacrificing guarantees food security for the people.

    tradition, male calf release, Tambakan village, Buleleng, Bali

v9n1, 2020

  1. AbstractKeywords

    This study determined the local ecological knowledge (LEK) on the uses of plants in the Philippine teak forest (PTF) landscape and proposed a framework for conservation practitioners reconciling anthropogenic change drivers and ecological values of the PTF. Using techniques in participatory resource appraisal (PRA), facilitated focused group discussion (FGD), and key informant interviews (KIIs), the information on LEK on the plant uses were gathered among the villagers in the lasang (satoyama) and baybay (satoumi) in Batangas City and the municipality of Lobo, Batangas Province. Results show that the local community in the study site had a good perception of the multiple ecological functions of the Philippine teak (Tectona philippinensis) forest. The PTF is integral in the lives of the local community as a component wood source for the construction of their dwellings and shelters of domestic farm animals. Cultivated plants in the agroecosystems were observed as best alternatives to sustain the harvesting of some indigenous plants such as Vitex parviflora and T. philippinensis for the livelihood and material culture of the local population. Since the old times, molave (V. parviflora) trees have been used to build houses of the century-old dwellings in the localities, suggesting that the species had been dwindling its abundance in the wild. This could also explain the reason for the dominance of T. philippinensis in a dry limestone habitat in Lobo, Batangas, where V. parviflora is expected naturally to overlap. The PTF is one of the locally valuable resources affected by urbanization, infrastructure development, and agricultural expansion resulting in forest fragmentation. However, there are still locally learned practices that may serve as localized models of harmonious human-forest interaction. In the proposed framework, understanding the local drivers of threats to the PTF will allow the policy, regulatory, and research institutions to address these challenges, invest in conservation networking, and do the restoration for the species as well as the forest ecosystem levels. Conservation approaches can be highly varied but localized, building from local knowledge, stakeholder values, and peculiarities of the PTF environment. As soon as other plant resources in the landscape are exhausted for dwellings, firewood, and boat-making, other locally lesser-used species might be misused by the locals in the future. Hence, to preserve the natural patches of native plants from the ridge to coast, institutional support should be given to the local communities as they integrate these indigenous floras in their farms, homegardens, and safe public sites for posterity use values.

    dipterocarps, ex situ, in situ, local knowledge, molave, Tectona philippinensis, Loboanos, Vitex parviflora, wooden boats

  2. Changing inland waterbody livelihoods in Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan PDF Michael Fabinyi, Philip Hayward, Ian Phil Canlas, Samat Kalmuratov 10.21463/jmic.2020.09.1.02
    AbstractKeywords

    This paper examines livelihood transition along inland waterbodies, drawing on secondary literature and interviews to examine a case study of Issyk-Kul, a large Lake in Kyrgyzstan. Livelihood activities along Issyk-Kul are diverse and seasonal, and include fruit, vegetable and cereal farming, livestock management and pastoralism, tourism, remittances and fisheries and aquaculture. We focus in depth on tourism and fishing. While both activities have fluctuated in significance over many decades; overall, we show how tourism is increasing while fisheries have drastically reduced. We argue that livelihood activities in Issyk-Kul are characterised by the increasing importance of both discursive and material connections beyond the Lake itself, and identify areas for future research on livelihoods along inland waterbodies.

    Inland waterbody, lake, livelihoods, Issyk-Kul

  3. AbstractKeywords

    Anthropogenic marine debris (AMD) is a global threat to marine biodiversity and marine ecosystems. The main objectives of this study were to compare and characterize the AMD composition of mangrove stands that are located in a reserve area and mangrove stands that are influenced by nearby human settlement. Two study areas were chosen based on similar mangrove species composition and stand where transect quadrats (50 x 50m) were established in the area. The AMD were sampled during low tide in six subplots (5 x 5m) located in the transect quadrats in the mangrove forest of Dahican and Matiao, in Pujada bay, Davao Oriental. Various types of AMD were collected, cleaned and dried and then weighted and classified as belonging to plastics, cloths, rubber, glass, metals, wood or other items. Comparison of weight of AMD between the two study areas (Dahican and Matiao) showed no significant differences (P=0.119). In terms of comparison of different categories in the two study areas, only Matiao showed significant differences (P<0.001) with the category of cloth contributing highly at 39 g. There was no significant difference of the categories for the study area in Dahican (P=0.137). Further confirmatory studies on AMD and mangroves and its ability to trap AMDs are suggested including the impacts of AMD on marine fauna and flora.

    Anthropogenic marine debris (AMD), mangrove, marine litter, marine pollution, Mati City, plastics, Pujada bay

  4. AbstractKeywords

    Small remote islands of Greece are mainly characterized by geographical isolation, minimal utilization of their resources, limited economic activities and population shrinkage. Restrictions and problems that negatively affect their attractiveness and make it necessary to implement actions, not only to prevent visible threat of future abandonment but also to attract new people for permanent living. In an attempt to redefine the development framework for islands with these characteristics, a new approach is proposed, based on the interdisciplinary seven steps methodology to the worth-living integrated development. This approach, unlike today's policies, focuses on the particular elements of the island's physical and socioeconomic reality, as well as their interdependences, interactions and changes over time for utilization of all possible perspectives. This methodology is applied to Agios Efstratios Island in Aegean Archipelago where, on the basis of on-site research and consultation with the local community, their vision is revealed, active participation and cooperation is requested and fifty actions are defined in political, social, economic, cultural, technical-technological dimension and the environment, natural and man-made, for the implementation of a holistic development plan in order to create worth living conditions on Agios Efstratios, for the islanders themselves and beyond.

    Agios Efstratios (Ai Stratis) Island, Worth-Living Integrated Development, Insularity, Isolated Islands, Participatory Planning

  5. AbstractKeywords

    Quantitative studies on plant use by the local people have been slowly growing in the Philippines, yet the application of this field has not been fully utilized in a Philippine setting. This study documented the useful plants of the Alangan Mangyan community in Paitan, Naujan, Mindoro Island, Philippines. Based from the face-to-face interview of 60 key informant interviews, this study recorded 199 local names of plants classified into different uses. Results showed that there were more cultivated than wild plant species for food, fodder, medicine, and firewood use categories, while more wild than cultivated species were recorded for construction and timber use categories. While being cultivators of their swidden farms, it was also observed that they did not completely abandoned foraging in the forests, as they identify useful plants from their forests. Moreover, the present knowledge on the use of plants is reflective of the changing subsistence strategies over time due to population pressure and influence of the outside social environment. The Alangan knowledge on plant use is vital in biodiversity conservation of the island. Thus, this knowledge must be considered in the formation of inclusive local policies to safeguard the sustainability of their practices. Intergenerational transmission of their knowledge on plant use is also critical in preserving the Alangan culture.

    Alangan Mangyan, plant use categories, subsistence strategies, shifting cultivation

  6. AbstractKeywords

    This article attempts a historical comparative study between the Maitreya faith in early modern Korea and the Mirokukami faith in the Okinawa and Kashimi area of Japan. In Buddhist teachings, Maitreya is a savior figure who will descend to earth 5,670,000,000 years after Buddha Śākyamuni’s ascent to nirvana. In the East Asian Buddhist sphere, believers facing what they believed to be the end of the world endowed Maitreya with the image of a political leader and earthly savior. Stone statues of Maitreya stuck in the earth became idols of worship by common people. In contrast, Maitreya of the sea emerged as the image of a political leader who could overthrow the king. In the areas of Okinawa and Kashimi, Maitreya of the ocean appeared in the form of Mirokukami. Mirokukami rode a divine ship and brought Mirokunoyo (meaning good harvest) to the people. In the Ryukyu Islands, Hotei—as an embodiment of Maitreya—fulfilled the role of Mirokukami and combined elements of the ocean paradise Nirai Kanai, indigenous harvest deities, and Maitreya belief. For island villagers, a plentiful rice harvest was equated with salvation, and therefore they held village festivals meant to call up Maitreya’s ship from a paradise far out at sea. Ultimately, Maitreya appeared in a variety of forms in Korea and Japan: Buddha buried in the ground, Hotei, Mirokukami, and as the Jinin of the sea. Maitreya was a religious and social symbol which reflected the most pressing needs of the people at the time. Likewise, it can be said it held a striking universality.

    Mireuk (Maitreya; 彌勒), Haesangjinin (Ascetic from the Sea; 海上眞人), Jijungmaemolbul (a statue of Buddha half-buried in the Soil; 地中埋沒佛), Haedogibyung (Rebels from the Island; 海島起兵), Mirokukami (Mireuk Deity; 彌勒神), Mirokunoyo (Year of Good Harvest with Maitreya 彌勒世)

  7. AbstractKeywords

    This paper aims to describe recent tourism activity in Pampang villages and promote indigenous knowledge-based agrotourism in the Dayak Kenyah community in Pampang Village, Samarinda, East Kalimantan. The study found that Dayak culture is the main attraction for tourism in Pampang villages. Agricultural activity by the local people involves indigenous knowledge, but this has not been involved in the village tourism program development. The indigenous culture in farming has the potential of being introduced in tourism. Indigenous knowledge will contribute to the uniqueness, authenticity, and sustainability of agrotourism in the Dayak community. Some crucial problems related to this indigenous knowledge-based agrotourism in the Dayak Kenyah include lack of human resources and stakeholders’ support. Systematic program planning to improve human resources should be able to increase knowledge, skills, and local capacity.

    Indigenous people, community-based tourism, bioculture conservation, sustainable farming

  8. AbstractKeywords

    Small island communities are one of the critical groups with a high risk to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The limitations of health systems and rapid growth of tourism are problems faced by local communities in small islands in the recent COVID-19 epidemic. This paper discusses the potentiality and issues of tourism and the COVID-19 threat in small islands. The iconic landscape and culture of Indonesian small islands led to significant tourism growth in these small islands. This situation opens opportunities for pathogens to spread within small islands. In the situation where the COVID-19 vaccine was not available, this article proposes four levels of action which are relevant to the protection of small islands and therefore contribute to the sustainability of the tourism industry in the small islands. These include: before pandemic, during the pandemic, post pandemic, and normal situation. The ability to design mechanisms post-pandemic is crucial. Developing and enhancing health system management in small islands is important; moreover, spatial tourism destination planning should be integrated in tourism planning in small islands. Promoting and strengthening community support and participation is crucial to minimize pandemic threats. In the normal situation, promoting the best practice of tourist, community, and environmental relationships is important in small islands through ecotourism. Ecotourism stresses a high quality of tourism programs and tourist-host interactions within the carrying capacity of islands and therefore contributes significantly to minimize pandemic diseases.

    pathogens, pandemic, sustainable tourism destination, community resilience, community participation

v8n2, 2019

  1. AbstractKeywords

    Plastic use and waste is a major contributor to climate change worldwide. While attempts to combat and reduce plastic consumption, use, and waste are addressed, remaining unaddressed is the fact that Indigenous populations are more highly impacted by waste plastic and associated climate change affects. These populations are more adversely impacted at higher rates, which is threatening vital Traditional Ecological Knowledge which in turns threatens cultural foundations and cultural lifeways. Plastic waste in traditional marine homeland areas affect Indigenous populations the most, supportive assistance for community is scant, and escape is impossible for place-based Indigenous peoples worldwide.

    Plastic, Climate Change, Traditional Ecological Knowledge, TEK, Traditional Knowledge, Indigenous, TK, Indigenous Knowledge, IK, Marine, Ocean, Culture

  2. AbstractKeywords

    Following the dissolution of Yugoslavia in 1991, Slovenia and Croatia became independent nations. As the border between two nations had never been determined in details before 1991, several parts of the border, both on land and at sea, were disputed. After years of failed attempts to peacefully resolve the dispute and reach an agreeable solution on their own, the two Republics submitted their dispute to arbitration on November 4th, 2009. The first half of the paper presents past internal efforts to resolve the dispute with assertions from both sides. The latter part analyzes and interprets the final award issued by the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), on June 29th, 2017. The PCA issued a ruling on the border: Ruling on the disputed areas of land border, drawing the border in the Gulf of Piran (or Savudrija/Piran), and made a determination of Slovenia’s ‘Junction to the High Sea.’ The PCA’s determination with respect to the land boundary was decided by the principle of uti possidetis, which doesn’t address the irreconcilable confrontation of arguments from both sides. The determination on the boundary with respect to the Bay of Piran (or Savudrija/Piran) was determined on the basis of uti possidetis and effectivités, as well. The determination of Slovenia’s ‘Junction to the High Sea’ was decided by applying international law, equity and the principle of good neighborly relations. The PCA’s determinations on the maritime boundary and Slovenia’s ‘Junction to the High Sea’ are welcomed by Slovenia but rejected by Croatia.

    Slovenia, Croatia, maritime boundary dispute, junction to the High Seas, the Bay of Piran, Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)

  3. Solar Energy, Latitude and Coastal Plant Diversity for Management of Sand Dune Parks PDF Jeom-Sook Lee, Sei-Woong Choi, Jong-Wook Kim, Sun-Kee Hong, Seung Ho Lee, Hyeon-Ho Myeong, Jang-Sam Cho, Dong-Ho Son 10.21463/jmic.2019.08.2.03
    AbstractKeywords

    This study attempted to find consistent relationships between climate, latitude, and the richness of plant species on sand dunes. The richness of plant species on sand dunes in the Northern and the Southern hemisphere decreased with latitude or increased with air temperature. This suggests a latitudinal gradient of vascular plant richness on sand dunes in both hemispheres. However, the relationships between the richness of coastal plant species and mean annual precipitation were not statistically significant in either hemisphere. There is a vital need for construction of sand dune parks having conservation programs.

    Global climate, sand dunes, latitude, solar energy, plant diversity

  4. AbstractKeywords

    This paper criticizes the predominant relevance theory for discourse markers for the reason that it suggests too broad a notion which is irrefutable. Instead, this paper explains the Korean discourse marker issona under the framework advocated by Leech (1983). Leech (1983) proposes six maxims of politeness and this paper claims that two maxims – the Agreement Maxim and the Sympathy Maxim – explain the reason why the discourse marker issona is used so frequently in the Shinan county in Korea. It is employed as an endeavor to minimize disagreement and antipathy between the speaker and the addressee that might arise when making a strong commitment while expecting disagreement. This account is especially interesting since it can be well understood under the special isolated environment in small islands. That is, the isolated culture of small islands can explain the enhanced desire to minimize tension and to maximize solidarity among the interlocutors. The Korean expression issona also highlights the metalinguistic function of discourse markers that Erman (2001) newly proposes.

    Discourse marker, relevance theory, politeness maxim, metalinguistic function, solidarity

  5. AbstractKeywords

    Who owns the sea? Fishery is an industry that uses common pool resources. Therefore, to realize the sustainable fishery, it should be operated in same context as the system operation for the common pool resources management. Traditionally, the residents in fishing villages have developed fishing skills, adapting themselves to the unique ecological environment of their own region. However the government’s uniform regulation rather disrupts the self-regulatory control system. The uniform regulation-oriented policies based on the idea that there should be rules forced from the outside may destroy the institutional capital that has been accumulated in specific area for a long time. People may make an institutional mechanism useful in solving the dilemma of common resources when they develop mutually shared norms and reciprocal behaviors living in the same environment for a significant period. From this perspective, it seems that it needs the autonomous solutions that can get over the tragedy of sharing, that is, organizing the group of shared resources users and setting design principle for the institutional mechanism.

    Skate is a symbolic fish for Heuksando Island in Korea, skate catching was once at the verge of extinction due to exhaustion of resources, but nowadays it is leading the vitalization of the local economy thanks to the government management, support of the local government and efforts of local residents to restore resources. This paper will examine the management method put into practice to maintain the fishing community in crisis and to restore the fishery resources. The recognition on the resources shown in autonomous management is also our attitude toward the common pool resources.

    Common pool resources (CPR), Skate catching, TAC, Autonomous management, Sustainability

  6. AbstractKeywords

    Tourism has assisted the development of environmental, economic, social and cultural aspects of island communities. While there are some previous studies on the impacts of tourism development across Langkawi, it is necessary to consider the impacts of tourism development on individual island communities. Kampung Padang Puteh, Mukim Kedawang, Langkawi is located on the route between the island’s main tourism attraction areas, Pantai Cenang and Pantai Tengah (which are highly affected by tourism activities). This purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of tourism development with regard to benefits and challenges based on the local community perspective. A combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches was used in this study through a questionnaire to 49 household representatives, and individual interviews that were conducted with 16 selected key informants in Kampung Padang Puteh. Analysis of mean, Spearman’s rho correlation and qualitative approaches were used to interpret the data. The main findings concern community well-being and the benefits and challenges of tourism development impacts for the local community. It was found that the local community have improved their socioeconomic level through employment opportunities, additional income and language skills. While social ties were still good, negative aspects pose challenges. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the extent of community well-being in the midst of tourism development, which is the key element in achieving a sustainable society, particularly for island communities.

    Tourism development, impacts, community well-being, sustainable, Langkawi

  7. AbstractKeywords

    This article revisits and updates a discussion of the cultural function and prominence of the mermaid in 20th and 21st century Catalina Island (California) that originally appeared in the journal Contemporary Legend in 2013. Drawing on recent critical-theoretical work on the concept of the aquapelago and of the aquapelagic imaginary, I examine the manner in which the deployment of mermaid imagery on Catalina island is related to the location’s orientation to coastal and marine tourism. In particular, I examine the interplay between the conscious deployment of iconography and broader patterns of social use, examining the manner in which the local aquapelagic imaginary has been developed as a cultural asset in the island’s destination branding and more general representation of place.

    Catalina Island, aquapelagic imaginary, tourism, mermaids

  8. AbstractKeywords

    While the importance of islands has recently emphasized in regards to the upholding of marine sovereignty, there is no research which evaluates the proper value of islands. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the non-market values of islands, as well as the estimated interest by the public in Korean islands with fewer than 10 residents, using CVM. To estimate the non-market value, a survey was conducted on 500 respondents randomly selected from the Korean population. They were asked to tell how much they would pay to buy an island. The median value of the responses was 2,011. It was evaluated to be 40.182 billion Won. 74% of respondents said they would pay the offered price, and, among the reasons for willing to pay the price, 41.9% or the largest proportion of respondents, noted that ‘even if it is unclear how to make use of the island in the future, it needs to be preserved’. The findings of this study which quantified the values of islands with fewer than 10 residents, can be used as objective data to secure the project to prevent those islands from being uninhabited. The findings of this study will be useful quantitative information for decision-making on policies regarding islands with fewer than 10 residents. In particular, this study expects that, by suggesting public interest in these islands, the findings of this study can be used to strengthen national awareness on the importance of islands with fewer than 10 residents.

    Small Islands with Fewer than 10 Residents, Non-market value, Contingent valuation method, Public Value

  9. AbstractKeywords

    Solid waste management is a perennial problem in the Philippines and this can be due to lack of information dissemination on proper waste disposal. This study assessed and compared the solid waste management practices of three technical and vocational colleges in Mati City, Davao Oriental. The study utilized a combination of semi-structured interviews (n=90), and actual field collection of solid wastes with weekly sampling for three months. Result of the survey on proper solid waste disposal showed high awareness of the students from the three schools (TS, CS and VS with 37%-67%). In addition, the prevailing perception on impacts of improper solid waste disposal are the following: diseases, pollution, floods, clogging of waterways and providing mosquitoes with breeding areas. Moreover, the respondents also perceived negative impacts on local economy of the improper solid waste disposal. All solid waste found in each institution were classified as either non-biodegradable or biodegradable. A large chunk of solid wastes was primarily plastic (45%) and paper (27%) in the three schools monitored. Based on the result of the field sampling, the non-biodegradable waste was significantly lesser in one of the schools (CS) compared to the other two schools (TS and VS; P=0.000). The results also revealed that the students were willing to pay for their shopping bags, but only if this cost less than Php 5.00 (1.0 U$ cent). Our study underscores the need to continue to conduct information and education campaign among students and youth for proper waste disposal inside school campuses and in immediate surrounding communities.

    Davao Oriental, Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003), Mati City, Solid waste, Solid waste management

v8n1, 2019

  1. AbstractKeywords

    The Haenyeo (women divers) from the many islands of South Korea are internationally known for their diving for abalone, but also harvest many other ocean species. A longstanding part of history, particularly amongst Korean islands, Haenyeo have been actively diving for centuries. These women have intricate knowledge of their environments, and their specific Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) is exceptional, but quickly disappearing. The Haenyeo are a distinctly unique and highly specialized group of women whose TEK systems are integrated with, and reliant on, the landscape they traverse, both in as well as out of the sea. These cultural groups are intricately woven into the fabric of their systems, and are on the frontline of environmental systems, passing TEK information on in traditional manners, but are also flagships for island environmental change developments. This TEK information is being fragmented and is at risk of being lost with the current structure of environmental shifts occurring.

    Haenyeo, women divers, Traditional Ecological Knowledge, TEK, Traditional Knowledge, TK, Indigenous Knowledge, IK, South Korea, Islands

  2. Learning Society in Unesco Kien Giang Biosphere Reserve, Kien Giang Province, Mekong Delta, Vietnam PDF Nguyen Hoang Tri, Tran Duc Tuan, Nguyen Xuan Niem, Pham Van Giau, Ly Minh Tai, Vu Thuc Hien 10.21463/jmic.2019.08.1.02
    AbstractKeywords

    This article presents the results of a study on the applicability of a learning society model through transformative learning activities for sustainable development in the context of climate change in the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve of Kien Giang, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam. With the use of a new approach to socio-ecology research and participatory learning, the study shows the rationality of using functional zones of the biosphere reserves as large bio-geographic sites, which facilitate the connection of spaces for thinking, cooperation, exchange and realization of creative ideas as well as preservation of traditional culture of local people in coastal and island region. Diverse learning methods as well as applicability of participatory learning in the community help to develop a strategy to improve people's adaptability to changes in nature and socio-economic development in the context of local climate change. The report also analyzes lessons learned in applying new approaches to the development of new ideas and initiatives in the present context of Vietnam.

    Biosphere Reserve, learning society, transformative learning, participatory learning

  3. AbstractKeywords

    The importance of traditional ecological knowledge to the sustainability of ecosystem services is obvious when realizing that such knowledge, handed down through generations, is essentially about how to ensure the continuous utilization of limited natural resources. In other words, traditional ecological knowledge provides a way to sustain the value of ecosystem services. In existing research on the value of ecosystem services, however, the role of traditional ecological knowledge remains largely unaddressed. For traditional ecological knowledge to remain available in local communities, it is necessary that elderly community members can pass it on to younger generations. Worryingly, this knowledge transmission is often hampered by modern-day demographic changes that see the working-age population decrease and the elderly population increase. This paper aims to investigate the impact of traditional ecological knowledge on the value of ecosystem services by accounting for the demographic composition of communities, taking the islands in Shinan County, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea, as a case study. The varying degrees in which the 13 investigated islands in Shinan County are experiencing the aforementioned demographic changes affect the sustainability of their ecosystem services. To incorporate the demographic composition into the valuation of ecosystem services, a weight factor was calculated being the ratio of the working-age population to the elderly population. The study results identified the islands Aphaedo and Jido, both areas with a high value of ecosystem services, as having the highest sustainability. Although having a relatively low value of ecosystem services, the island Imjado ranked third in terms of sustainability due to a relatively good demographic composition. It is reasonable to say that the study took a very simple approach by using only a single weight factor based on the demographic composition of communities to quantify the possibilities of transfer and acquisition of traditional ecological knowledge in those communities. Despite this limitation, however, the paper is expected to facilitate the necessary in-depth discussion of the role of traditional ecological knowledge in sustaining the value of ecological services.

    Sustainability, islands, population, weight factor, demographic composition, knowledge transmission

  4. AbstractKeywords

    A multidisciplinary research method is essential to get a handle on the various features of the island. First of all, it is required to understand the basis of living environment such as biological resources and topography in land and ocean, and the supply of safe drinking water. Also, the physical feature of accessibility, that is, distance from the mainland and how to move, becomes an essential element. Since life on the islands almost entirely depends on natural resources, the ecological health of the surrounding marine ecosystem is also closely linked to economic activity. Since life on the islands depends very much on mobility and resources, the sustainable use and conservation are necessary within the limited island space, and this management system has been maintained by the community of residents. With the recent increase in island tourists, environmental problems such as marine pollution have arisen, along with concerns over its environmental carrying capacity. This paper discusses whether there is any way to seek sustainable development while maintaining the island’s diverse identity and biological and ecological diversity.

    island identity, sustainability, ecological diversity, biodiversity, island industry

  5. AbstractKeywords

    By the end of 2017, there were 3,346 islands in Korea, a total that can be broken down into 470 inhabited islands and 2,876 uninhabited islands. It is expected that Korean islands will face the issue of ongoing island depopulation, due to a low birth rate and accelerated aging of the population. In particular, this study focuses on islands with fewer than 10 residents. Such islands face this problem more seriously than other islands. The Island Development Promotion Act, basis of the comprehensive policy on islands, in principle, targets islands with 10 or more people. Thus, there is no policy to support islands with fewer than 10 residents. Accordingly, this research examines the current situations and issues faced by islands with fewer than 10 residents that are now blind spots in the Korean government’s policies towards island management. Within this context, the study offers some policy ideas for improvement. The analysis in this research proves that the most urgent problem to be solved for islands with fewer than 10 residents is access to the mainland. Next, to improve the living environment of residents, the government should provide them with conditions to meet basic needs such as the supply of drinking water, residency, power supply, and medical services, among other things.

    Korean island policy, Small Islands with Fewer than 10 Residents, Living Condition, DEMATEL, Distinction of island population

  6. AbstractKeywords

    Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainable development constitute an integral component of organization’s strategy. Nowadays, growing environmental concerns have triggered a plethora of social initiatives and regulatory regimes. In view of United Nations 2030 Agenda, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the European Union (EU) have stressed the leading and efficient attributes of shipping transport and committed themselves to the achievement of global sustainability mandates. Similarly, CSR has been identified as a strategic approach to manage sustainability challenges. However, with the exception of few shipping segments, CSR refers to a, relatively, newly introduced notion to the shipping business. Based on a survey questionnaire sent to tanker and /or bulk maritime companies this study aims to investigate CSR and sustainability configurations, as they have been shaped in the light of United Nations 2030 Agenda. Developed hypotheses are tested using Pearson chi-square independence test and Spearman’s correlation coefficient measure. Findings illustrate CSR as a strategic management tool to integrate sustainability challenges. Thereafter, the integrated management system (IMS) approach is, highly, indicated as the most effective business model to address sustainability into maritime operations. Though, the lack of a non-legally binding CSR regime is not found to influence companies’ decision to adopt CSR.

    Ocean governance, UN’s 2030 Agenda, corporate social responsibility, sustainable maritime transport, integrated management systems

v7n2, 2018

  1. AbstractKeywords

    Okinawa, the only island prefecture in Japan, hosted the Pacific Leaders Meetings (PALM) three times in the past. The PALM-3 adopted “the Okinawa Initiative on Regional Development Strategies for a More Prosperous and Safer Pacific. Okinawa shares many common development issues with the Pacific island countries/regions including their history and cultural heritages, isolation, fragmentation, resource limitation and vulnerability to natural disasters and outside economic and political impacts beyond their control. As such Okinawa’s situation and experiences can be very useful regarding developing appropriate island models for sustainable and inclusive development.

    This paper intends to respond to the challenges and opportunities raised in the PALM Okinawa Island Initiative. Particular focus will be on the roles of island culture, tourism and technologies for sustainable and inclusive development. The paper demonstrates that Okinawa’s champuru culture represents not only cultural diversity but also it empowers the local people through healthy lifestyle and warm yuimaru (mutual help) spirits. Okinawa is the only local prefecture in Japan whose population is still growing. There is a no-nonsensical joke that Okinawans will be the last Japanese to survive in the 25th century if the current depopulation on the mainland continues.

    Okinawa (Ryukyu) Islands, Pacific leaders meeting (PALM), Champuru culture, sustainable development (SD), sustainable island tourism, carrying capacity of island tourism & the road block, Okinawa’s green technologies, work collaboration

  2. AbstractKeywords

    While islands are clearly delineated from mainland locations by virtue of their encirclement by water, fixation on this element has led to an under-appreciation and related under-exploration of the comparability of islands to elevated terrestrial features such as hills, mountains and ridges. In this article we discuss the manner in which the five so-called salt dome ‘islands’ (SDIs) of south eastern Louisiana exhibit a continuum of features across locations that range from an island (Belle) to a hill (Jefferson) with the remainder (Avery, Cote Blanche and Weeks) occupying positions within these dualities. Salt domes are landscape elements produced when areas of horizontal salt deposits are forced into the strata above, where they form dome shaped intrusions. Some of these distort the surface and protrude above flat areas of land as small hills. In the case of the five salt domes discussed in this article, their protrusion above the swamplands and drier flatlands of south west Louisiana has resulted in their perception, identification and nomenclative representation as islands. In this article we focus on the verticality and material spatiality of the SDIs and consider the ways in which their islandness has been effected by the commercial operations that have operated on/in them. Particular focus is given to various mining and related underground storage enterprises that have disrupted the physical nature of the salt domes’ subterranean spaces, the surface that covers them and surrounding land- and water-scapes. Verticality and interiority are identified as key – if often under-recognised – aspects of islandness in general and of the SDIs in particular.

    Verticality, Interiority, Louisiana salt dome islands, islandness, Island Studies

  3. AbstractKeywords

    Coasts are among the most complex, vulnerable and sensitive of all natural ecosystems, and their management presents various problems and difficulties especially in our era of climate change in which coastal cities and populations face a range of serious threats (including rising sea levels). The singularity of these areas necessitates an equally singular handling of the issues of their urban development and management (Beriatos, Papageorgiou, 2010).

    In Lebanon the severe anthropogenic pressure on the coast is rapidly changing its landscape character shaping an elongated urban development that spread for 220 km from north to south. The paper focuses on the northern Lebanese coast where we believe opportunities for sustainable development resides in the natural, cultural and archeological assets. It reports the findings of the study that was performed in this village in 2016-2017 as part of a third-year cultural landscape design studio at the department of Landscape Design and Ecosystem Management, American University of Beirut.

    Coastal landscape, cultural landscape, landscape planning and design strategies

  4. AbstractKeywords

    This study profiles defense and security issues and relevant to the development of Natuna Regency, Riau Islands Province, Indonesia. The area is located close to Indonesia’s maritime borders with Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam and Cambodia and adjacent to a major international shipping route between East Asia and the Indian Ocean. Due to its location, state management of the Regency involves the co-ordination of various components to anticipate threats, including potential military intervention by other countries and other activities such as terrorism, smuggling, illegal drug trading, illegal fishing, etc. The method of study used for this article was exploratory, using interviews, observation, and document study to produce analysis. The result of our findings is that, from a national security point-of-view, military bases in Natuna should be strengthened in acknowledgement of the strategic value of the territory with regard to the defense of Indonesian borders.

    Natuna, Territorial development, Indonesia’s outer border region, South China Sea, strategic defense interests

  5. AbstractKeywords

    The focus of this paper is to examine the response of local thalassocracies during the expansion of Indian and Chinese trade to maritime Southeast Asia during the transitional era between the end of the ancient and the beginning of the pre-modern period, with the particular focus on the contesting seascape among local the emporiums. This study is significant to be conducted since the role of local initiatives in international maritime trade during the early maritime relations between India and China is still not widely known. The historical narrative on the part of Southeast Asian people in the maritime trade relations between India and China is still vague. For this purpose, this article will address some of the issues related to the role of local emporium in the contexts of the expansion of the two giants, India and China, to the Southeast Asian maritime world and how sea space contestation occurred not only between India and China but also among local powers that wanted to control international maritime trade relations between India and China.

    Seascape, Maritime Trade, Sino-Indian Trade Expansion, Maritime Southeast Asia, Silk Road, Thalassocracy

  6. AbstractKeywords

    This study examines the historical facts about the invention and development process of Sukiyaki and Tonkatsu in Japan around the foreign settlements formed by the then Japanese government’s policies to enhance national prosperity and military power and promote a meat-eating culture and the opening of ports, based on the circumstances of the times. The results can be summarized as follows.

    1. Sukiyaki, well known as a typical fusion dish that combines Japanese traditional cuisine and Western culture, was born with the beef-eating culture that emerged with the cross-cultural exchanges with the West since the 17th-century Edo period. As a beef dish harmonizing Japanese traditional condiments and Western beef, it was first known as “Sukiyaki” in the Kansai region and as “gyu nabe” in the Kanto region, which use similar ingredients but differ in the cooking process and methods. Under the impact of the Kanto Earthquake in 1923, the two terms were integrated into “Sukiyaki,” which is the current name of this type of dish.

    2. Another Japanese-Western fusion dish, Tonkatsu, born from pork, the main ingredient of the dish, began to be supplied to the Japanese market as a cheaper substitute to beef that was then in short supply due to rising demand. Tonkatsu emerged as part of the Japanese government’s policies to promote a meat-eating culture in order to enhance national prosperity and military power. The supply of pork as military food greatly influenced the spread of Tonkatsu, which came to have its present form during the era of Japanese imperialism.

    Cross-cultural exchange, Japanese meat, Meiji, Sukiyaki, Tonkatsu, and Food culture

  7. AbstractKeywords

    Since 2010, we are conducting a survey on the living resources and the living culture of the inhabitants of Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Indonesia is an island nation rich in natural resources and culture. Because Indonesia is a multicultural country with many languages, tribes and ethnic groups, understanding of Indonesia is essential for understanding the minority languages of each region. There are abundant resources such as timber and oil in the Kalimantan region of Indonesia. It has long been used as a colony of western countries, and resource plunder has occurred. In recent years, KORINDO (Korea-Indonesia Joint companies) have been involved in the illegal logging of wood in East Kalimantan, causing social problems. Indonesia is made up of more than 13,000 islands, and Bali and Lombok have a unique ecosystem and culture for each island, and many tourists are looking for it. Especially the Bali, which is a Hindu, is a very important tourist destination to be visited by tourists from all over Asia including Australia and Germany. Recently, however, environmental problems including marine litter have been raised, showing the limit of environmental capacity of Bali. The Indonesian government is, therefore, developing Islamic Lombok Island, as a tourist destination that is a substitute for Bali. Since most Indonesian islanders are engaged in fishing, they have been able to travel between islands and islands for a long time using vessels. To understand marine culture, life history and eco-cultural studies on the major minority tribes of each island are essential. In particular, it is necessary to understand traditional knowledge about how natural resources are used.

    Bajo tribe, Bali, East Kalimantan, Gili, Lombok, Lesser Sunda Islands, Pulan Bungin, Sumbawa

Papers from the The 5th East Asian Island and Ocean Forum (EAIOF), International conference, 2017
  1. AbstractKeywords

    River crab is a unique aquatic product in China. As a kind of food with high nutrition, delicious and intriguing, it is deeply loved by the majority of consumers. At present, the research on river crab mainly focuses on the breeding techniques, neglecting the important role of crab culture in the development of industry. Taking crab culture as the breakthrough point, the author analyzes the connotation of crab culture and the current situation of the development of Shanghai river crab industry through literature review and field investigation, and then analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the application of crab culture in the development of Shanghai river crab industry by using SWOT model. Based on this analysis, the author puts forward some ideas about the application of crab culture in the development of Shanghai river crab industry. It is expected to promote the sustainable development of river crab industry in Shanghai through the application of crab culture.

    crab culture, river crab industry in Shanghai, application

  2. AbstractKeywords

    For boat dwellers, what does it mean to acquire a house on land? Does it mean, as many researchers and government officials in modern countries have assumed, a departure from the “harsh world on the water” to salvation on the “enticing world of the land”? Through presenting an ethnographic study of the history of the lianjiachuan yumin (連家船漁民) living on the sea or rivers in the southern part of Fujian Province, China, this paper aims to explore the reasoning behind their way of life, which cannot be simply reduced to a one-sided move away from a nomadic life on water to settlement on land. The cases of the two families presented in this paper demonstrate that while on the one hand lianjiachuan yumin show a strong interest in acquiring houses on land, but after having acquired them, they are careful to avoid a situation where they are living solely in a residence on land, and instead seek to secure a situation where anyone, both individuals and family members, can live on the water at any time. This coexistence of the seemingly incompatible attitudes of both “the desire to acquire a house” and “the avoidance of continuous and permanent settlement” observed in the lianjiachuan yumin tells us that the world on water allows them to live a diverse way of life, and that it continues to exist as a valuable space for them to find their ways of life.

    boat dwellers, settlement on land, boats and houses, family history

  3. AbstractKeywords

    Marine environmental emergency management is featured with multiple participants and complex interactions between and among various sectors. It needs a coordinated mechanism to settle the complicated cooperation and allocation of personnel and resources in an effective and efficient way. In China, the government emergency response system runs according to the classification of types, levels and stages for the emergency issues. The main players of the system relevant to marine environmental issues consist of relevant regional and local government sectors of different levels, national government sectors including State Oceanic Administration, Maritime Safety Administration, Ministry of Environmental Protection, etc. private sectors and civil society. The efficiency and effectiveness of the response system has been a challenge in this area. This paper comprehensively analyzes status quo of the coordinated system in the response management in China. Based on it, the policy recommendations with more coordination and better responsiveness has been put forward to improve the relevant regulations, the participating mechanism and regional and local collaboration mechanism.

    marine environment, oil spills, emergency management, emergency response, collaboration, coordinated management, China

  4. AbstractKeywords

    Based on field surveys of traditional positioning technology used in stationary fishing net and gillnet operation in Yinggehai District, Hainan Province of China, and combined with research of available literature, this paper gives a brief analysis of the methods used and the knowledge required to determine location in fishing activities before the common use of GPS.

    Positioning technology, stationary fishing net, gillnet, marine knowledge

  5. AbstractKeywords

    Located to the northeast of Keelung Harbor, Heping Island is one of the earliest places in the development of the history of Northern Taiwan—the first place where the Westerners left their footprints and the Han people began the reclamation of the land. In the early days, the flourishment of the island’s fishery industry had attracted immigrants from across the world and eventually turned the island into a unique traditional fishing village. In recent years, fisheries are dwindling and offshore catches have increasingly decreased. With the economic burden and inadequacy of driving forces in local development, the local public is earning less and problems related to employment are on the rise in the fishing village. The severe outflow of population has created a void in inheriting the culture and fishery technology of the fishing villages, leading to the general decline of the development of fishing villages. This research uses Heping Island, Keelung’s local branding, as a case study to discover the characteristics of traditional industries by recording, analyzing, and understanding the development of geographical resources, monuments, and lifestyles. At the same time, along with the continuous establishment of the local cultural characteristics, this research transforms the rich and diverse local cultural emotions and memories into indicators of rational analysis, and also into the reference axes of local image design and planning. Through design, with the use of integrated or strategic presentation, the symbolic icons of the local specialty industries are integrated to present the culture, environment, and activities of Heping Island and identify the main image needed for transmission to deliver an overall effective brand planning of the local industries.

    Branding, Local Specialty Industry, Fishing villages, Heping Island, Keelung

v7n1, 2018

  1. AbstractKeywords

    Despite considerable research within the field of island studies, no consensus has yet been reached as to what it is that makes islands special. Around the world, islands and archipelagos are shaped by diverse spatialities and relationalities that make it difficult to identify clear general characteristics of islandness. This paper argues that one such ‘active ingredient’ of islandness, which is present across many forms of island spatiality, is the idea that islands are ‘legible geographies’: spaces of heightened conceptualisability, spaces that are exceptionally easy to imagine as places. The paper uses the case of Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) to show how island geographical legibility has influenced a territory’s cultural and political development over time, even though Kalaallit Nunaat is such a large island that it can never be experienced as an island but can only be perceived as an island from a satellite or cartographic perspective. I ultimately argue that islandness can have significant effects on a place’s development but that it can be difficult to isolate these effects from other factors that may themselves have been influenced by islandness.

    archipelagos, Greenland, islands, islandness, Kalaallit Nunaat, legible geographies

  2. Interdisciplinary Convergence Research Design on Island Biocultural Diversity - Case Study in Wando-gun (County) Island Region, South Korea PDF Sun-Kee Hong, Yong-Tae Won, Gyeong-A Lee, Eun-Seon Han, Mi-Ra Cho, Hye-Yeong Park, Jae-Eun Kim, & Samantha Chisholm Hatfield 10.21463/jmic.2018.07.1.02
    AbstractKeywords

    The purpose of this research is (1) to study the epistemological meanings of biological diversity and cultural diversity and the connectivity of biocultural diversity and (2) to concretize a plan for making the biocultural diversity, containing the ecological environment and the life culture of the island areas, into knowledge resources. By carrying out onsite investigations, in-depth interviews, and the empirical case example research with the Wando County area of Jeonnam Province as the subject, (3) the possibility of the agenda is presented through the interdisciplinary convergence researches, including but not limited to: biology, anthropology, linguistics, Korean literature, folklore, cultural contents study. As a plan for putting into practice the convergence research, the theoretical foundations, the methodologies of the biological diversity and the cultural diversity of the islands can be systematically established through the research on the biocultural diversity of the islands and the excavation of the agenda. The theoretical foundations, the methodologies of biological diversity, and the cultural diversity of the islands can be systematically established. Through this establishment, the conceptual and the epistemological expansion of the biocultural diversity of the islands through the convergence of biological diversity and cultural diversity will be induced. This convergence research will contribute to the securing of the biological sovereignty and cultural sovereignty of the island people through the biological resources of the islands. Through the research on biocultural diversity of the islands, it will contribute in promotion of awareness on resource security regarding the approach to, and the sharing of, genetic resources in accordance with the biological diversity agreement. In addition, the preservation of biological, and genetic resources of the islands based on Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of the island people and direction for sustainable development will be pursued. Groundwork will also be laid for future endeavors, through establishment of Traditional Knowledges (TK), traditional local foods, recipes, and medical folk traditions, all based on the biological diversity. A plan for the resources will be prepared by excavating cultural traditions contained in the information from the biological diversity data along with linguistic diversity information, and through the establishment of an archive through the convergence research.

    biodiversity, Cheongsando, cultural diversity, biocultural diversity, interdisciplinary convergence research, island, island biogeography, linguistic diversity, Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), Traditional Knowledge (TK), Wando

  3. AbstractKeywords

    Fishing Village Language means the words that contain life and culture of fishing villages. This category covers vocabularies and expressions related to the environment, tradition, economic and cultural activity, and many other factors. This study analyzes Japanese expressions that are seen in the performance data of Fishing Village Language from the East, West, South, and Jeju Sea surrounding southern Korean Peninsula, which has been surveyed by Everyday Korean Language Project Group of National Institute of Korean Language. Based on the verified findings after analysis, I draw implications as follows. First, the recording and preservation of endangered fishing village language are necessary. In particular, the record and conservation of characteristic traits of fishing areas such as the Yellow Sea, East Sea, South Sea, and the Jeju Sea are important. Second, a purification project on Japanese expressions in fishing village language should be introduced. This will be the foundation for good communication to decrease miscommunications with young generations.

    Everyday Korean Language Project, Fishing Village Language, Language Contact, Vestiges of Japanese

  4. AbstractKeywords

    Cheongsando, located in Wando-gun, Jeollanamdo, is designated as being part of the Dadohaehaesang National Park. The island is also designated as Asia's first “Slow City” and its traditional Gudeuljang irrigated rice terraces are officially listed as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System. This has resulted in the creation of a “Slow Walking Trail”, linking various eco-cultural resources. However, in its current configuration the Slow Walking Trail network fails to connect all parts of the islands equally well, causing regional imbalance and dissatisfaction among residents. To overcome these issues and improve the connectivity between villages, this study aimed to identify ways to refine the Slow Walking Trail network by means of a least cost path analysis. The results show that land use patterns such as rice paddy field, grassland, and road shape are the low cost land use patterns for network connection. And Moreover, the analysis shows that the existing network forms a useful basis for refinements as there are sufficient similarities to the connected network identified by the least cost path analysis. In the end, the already established and used small road will have an important influence on the connected villages and improving the network.

    Least cost path, Cheongsando, Network, Eco-cultural tourism, Small road

  5. AbstractKeywords

    Manamoc Island is experiencing coastline retreat and is in urgent need of economical mitigating measures. This study explored the role of mangroves in the mitigation of coastal retreat in Manamoc Island. Assessment of mangroves through standard vegetation analysis was done in relation to the topography and coastal dynamics prevalent in Manamoc Island. Time series analysis of sand and mangrove cover change was carried out to determine the role of mangroves in coastal retreat mitigation. Cluster analysis revealed five clusters named after the dominant species: Cluster I – Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh.; Cluster II – Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir.; Cluster III – Rhizophora apiculata Blume and Rhizophora mucronata Lam.; Cluster IV – Rhizophora mucronata Lam.; and Cluster V – Sonneratia alba J. Smith. The clustering pattern followed that of typical mangrove zonation landward, middleward, and seaward although with a relatively short width. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that environmental factors like soil texture, pH, N, and P influenced mangrove distribution in Manamoc Island. Time series analysis of sand and mangrove cover change revealed that mangrove were responsible for the accumulation of sand in the entrance of the studied lagoon. In areas with less sediments and the very strong water currents, mangroves were not able to colonize.

    coastal dynamics, coastal retreat, hydrometeorological hazards, Manamoc Island, mangroves

  6. AbstractKeywords

    Understanding of salt marsh plant zonation caused by abiotic and biotic factors is essential for successful conservation plans in the face of ongoing environmental change. The frequency of flooding is more important than elevation in predicting marsh plant zones. Tidal marsh plants are distributed across a wide gradient of soil–water salinities. Studies done to date indicate that redox potential, ionic composition of soil, moisture content of soil, latitude, topographical, and climatic factors may play some role in forming vegetation zones. Competition and facilitation are important in mediating zonation, and the importance of facilitation of plant growth increases with increasing physical stress within the abiotic range limits. A refined understanding of facilitation along stress gradients would help inform successful restoration and management of vegetation. In the salt marsh plant community, a trade-off between belowground competitive ability and the ability to tolerate physical stressors appears to drive plant growth patterns across the landscape. Understanding and predicting shifts between bare flats and vegetated marshes is of great importance, because it provides a useful scientific basis for understanding vegetation zonation. A bimodal distribution of intertidal elevations, positive feedbacks, and alternative stable states and abrupt shifts in elevation from bare flats to vegetated states are present in salt marsh ecosystems. Strategies to assess whether alternative stable states are present are now converging in fields as disparate as desertification, limnology, oceanography, ecology and climatology. Further research should therefore focus on the conditions for and the specific mechanisms behind alternative stable states in salt marsh ecosystems.

    Salt marsh plant, Zonation, Abiotic factor, Biotic factor, Positive feedback

  7. AbstractKeywords

    Socio-ecological Production Landscape (SEPL) especially in an island landscape plays a major role in providing ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. Despite the significance of SEPL, conservation is still a major challenge. The Chaya socio-ecological production landscape (CSEPL) of Luzon Island is in peril due to various reasons. This study is aimed to conceptualize the resilience of CSEPL on the perspective of the local community. The study employed a qualitative research design. Data were collected using focus groups discussion (FGD) and were analyzed using thematic analysis. As the result of conducting this research, socio-ecological resilience of the Chaya Rice Terraces as a Socio-Ecological Production Landscape is conceptualized by the people as the ability of the traditional landscape to provide ecosystem services like food and aesthetics. The local people believed that this resilience can be maintained by enhancing the five resilience building strategies namely: 1) farming practice, 2) cultural tradition, 3) social network, 4) financial capital and 5) natural resources. The findings of this study can serve as guide for policy formulators in making positive interventions to address the issues in CSEPL.

    determinants of resilience, conceptualization, socio-ecological production landscape, Luzon Island

v6n2, 2017

  1. Tourism livelihoods in Smøla, Norway PDF Ilan Kelman, John Linnell, Jørn Thomassen, Arne Follestad, & Thomas Risan 10.21463/jmic.2017.06.2.01
    AbstractKeywords

    Tourism in islands and archipelagos provides numerous advantages and disadvantages. This paper analyses a previously unpublished case study of island tourism livelihoods from the archipelago of Smøla, Norway, examining the pros and cons of implemented or proposed tourism livelihoods based on a snapshot from 2008-2009. Smøla’s tourism livelihoods are categorised by nature, technology focusing on the wind farm, fishing and hunting, cultural landscapes, culture, and history. As with many other island and archipelago case studies, the most suitable approach could be tourism-supplemented, rather than tourism-dependent, livelihoods with the principal challenge being finding the right scale for Smøla’s tourism livelihoods. This paper does not provide a theoretical contribution, but adds a spatially and temporally focused case study to the literature.

    cultural landscapes, nature, tourists, wind farms

  2. AbstractKeywords

    Choi Nam-Seon placed critical importance on how the seas were depicted in Korean literary works during the Japanese colonial period. While studying in Japan, Choi majored in geography and history, examining the relationship amongst a nation’s land, history, and culture. Choi’s identification with the child and the sea began ever since he founded the magazine, Sonyeon(Boy), in 1908. In 1927, he reintroduced Samgukyusa (The Retained History of Three Kingdoms) — a representative Korean mythological literary work transported to Japan during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 — along with a preface. Choi did not merely reintroduce Korea’s native mythological work, but he also went on to directly confront the Tangun Negation Theory and the Monk’s Nonsense Theory claimed by Japan. To go on further, Choi countered the statement that Korea’s geographical shape was one that of a fearful rabbit. Instead, he actively utilized the theory that Korea was shaped like a courageous tiger. Choi approached the marine mythologies within Samgukyusa in two ways. Firstly, he focused on acceptability, in which people from different cultures strove to find a way to live together in peace and harmony through the sea. Secondly, he focused on the marine mythologies which possess the spirit of pioneering – one that endeavored to reach new worlds through the sea.

    Samgukyusa (The Retained History of Three Kingdoms), Choi Nam-Seon, sea, marine inclusivity, marine challenge

  3. AbstractKeywords

    Coastal cultural resources provide crucial links to the past and are important centerpieces for interwoven maritime heritage community narratives, and are valuable cultural resources. Similar to many other places in the world, in southeastern NC, natural and environmental factors such as storms, erosion and climate change have caused damages to, and continue to threaten, cultural heritage in different ways. Categorizing the level of importance of these sites and prioritizing actions for their preservation can not only facilitate preserving some sites, but also contribute to our understanding about the past, before these assets vanish from coastal areas. However, a full understanding of the different factors that affect different cultural assets does not yet exist. In order to prioritize our actions regarding cultural heritage management, a thorough study on the impact of natural and environmental factors on coastal cultural heritage is necessary. A research synthesis, which includes a systematic review of literature and previous experiences, and various data analyses result in new knowledge about the probable future state of coastal cultural heritage in Brunswick County. The result is a set of risk maps for coastal cultural heritage in Brunswick County that can assist managers and policy makers to prioritize their actions regarding conservation, preservation and management of coastal cultural heritage.

    Dynamic coasts, maritime heritage, community narratives, Brunswick County, North Carolina

  4. AbstractKeywords

    Efforts to inscribe 'The Southwestern Coast Tidal Flats' in Korea and 'The Sacred Island of Okinoshima and Associated Sites in the Munakata Region' in Japan on UNESCO's World Heritage List was proceeded in the similar period, but the result was different. 'The Sacred Island of Okinoshima and Associated Sites in the Munakata Region' in Japan was inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List in 2017 whereas 'The Southwestern Coast Tidal Flats' in Korea has been inscribed in the state of tentative list for seven years. The purpose of this study is to derive important factors necessary to proceed the inscription on UNESCO's World Heritage List on the local basis after making a comparative analysis on the inscription process of islands property such as 'The Southwestern Coast Tidal Flats' in Korea and 'The Sacred Island of Okinoshima and Associated Sites in the Munakata Region' in Japan through policy network model. Two enormous differences were found in the course of the Inscription on UNESCO's World Heritage List. In Japan, the shared awareness of the protection and utilization of property and furthermore the inscription on UNESCO's World Heritage List among actors is very firm, while in Korea it is not. In Japan, a variety of interest groups made a systematic participation and formed a governance in the local area, whereas in Korea, some experts and residents made a restricted participation due to the lead of government organizations.

    World Heritage, Policy Network, Southwestern Coast Tidal Flats, Tidal Flat Island, The Sacred Island of Okinoshima and Associated Sites in the Munakata Region

  5. AbstractKeywords

    Selected Island populations of South Korea were interviewed and landscapes surveyed in the Southwestern ocean region to discern what cultural changes they had noted in response to environmental changes possibly due to climate change impacts. Utilizing Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) methodology, cultural behaviors and patterns of island populations were easily identified, along with historical information of changes occurring for islanders in the areas of lifestyle, adaptation, and utilization of natural resources. This TEK information is being fragmented and is at risk within the current structure of island system operations.

    Traditional Ecological Knowledge, TEK, Traditional Knowledge, TK, Indigenous Knowledge, IK, South Korea, Culture, Multidisciplinary Research, Interdisciplinary research, Korean Islands

  6. AbstractKeywords

    The merlion is a figure that comprises the upper half of a lion and the lower half of a fish. In an earlier issue of this journal (1[2], 2012), I charted the merlion’s invention and introduction as a logo for Singaporean tourism in the 1960s and its memorialisation as a fountain statue in 1972. After examining a variety of cultural engagements with it during the 1970s-1990s, I concluded by analysing interpretations offered by artists contributing to the 2006 and 2011 Singaporean Biennales. In this follow-up article I explore the extent to which Singaporeans, expatriates and visitors have developed an increasing degree of affection for the figure. As subsequent sections detail, various recent deployments indicate that for some tourists, expatriates and Singaporean nationals, at least, the merlion is now regarded as a symbol that can be used in playful, ironic and/or often personalised manners, such as, most notably, a logo that they are willing to have inscribed on their flesh.

    Singapore, merlion, symbolism, affection, familiarity, tattoos

v6n1, 2017

  1. AbstractKeywords

    Over the last 200 years a number of sandbanks that rise above the surface of the sea or river estuaries for brief periods during low tide points have been site of cricket matches organised by teams based in adjacent coastal areas. The most regular locations for such performances have been the Goodwin Sands (an area of sandbanks located in the English Channel, close to the coast of the English county of Kent) and the Bramble Bank in the Solent. Other locations, such as banks in the River Tamar, have also seen one-off events of this kind. The article identifies these sports occasions as constituting particular forms of temporary territorialisations of space that adapt aspects of the game for the conditions of rapidly changing locations. The annual matches provide an example of the human rendition of spaces as temporary island neighbourhoods, the ephemerality of which is key to their attraction and meaning. Notably, they also involve a return to conventions of traditionally recognised ‘fair play’ in cricket that have significantly diminished in the modern form of the game. In this manner, the temporary spaces of the sandbanks allow for a revival of customs that relate to earlier participatory performance traditions and allow these to be re-affirmed.

    Goodwin Sands, Bramble Bank, Tamar, cricket, territorialisation

  2. AbstractKeywords

    Recently a significant population migration to rural areas has been occurring in relation to both rural and urban areas in Korea. This urban-rural migration is characterized by region. On Jeju Island the number of Return Non-Farm Households provides the overwhelming majority, unlike other regions. This has partially been the result of the geographical location and tourism industry of Jeju Island. This migration tendency is causing a transformation in the rural space. Thus this paper aims to describe and determine how an increase in urban-rural migrants causes commodification of a rural-coastal village, both in terms of the reasons and the processes in order to understand rural spatial transformation by in-migrants. As a result, service activities by in-migrants in Woljeong village are associated with commodification of the village in terms of consumption of the village landscapes. This includes the ocean view and sales of farm lands and houses. Commodification of the village has overheated commercialization of the village space and competition in the same field of business. Finally, a spatial division between the existing ‘spatial practices’ of the village natives and the commercialized place of new stakeholders has occurred. This means that the rural space and identity have transformed in Woljeong-Ri.

    Urban-rural migrants, commodification, spatial transformation, Worljeong-Ri, Jeju Island

  3. AbstractKeywords

    Rottnest Island/Wadjemup is an important cultural landscape where human interaction with natural systems over time has formed a distinctive landscape. It has high degree of heritage significance to the people of Western Australia. Its heritage values include: an exceptional combination of geological and ecological features and processes; significant cultural value for Aboriginal people as its intangible heritage is associated with Dreamtime stories concerning death and the creation of the offshore islands; archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Island prior to its separation from the mainland, possibly dating to 30,000 years ago; a key site in early exploration of Australia by Dutch mariners who landed on the Island and surveyed the coastline in the 17th century; a remarkably intact British colonial outpost and penal establishment dating from the early to mid-nineteenth century; a rare purpose-built Aboriginal prison; shipwrecks around the Island’s seascape and lighthouses on the Island; a key site for Australia’s coastal defence during World War II. Transition to a place of recreation is a tangible illustration of the importance of islands to mainlanders, particularly in providing a strong sense of place. Visible from the metropolitan coastline, the Island has outstanding aesthetic qualities that continue to capture the imagination. Because of its significant history, including its place as what is believed to be the largest Aboriginal deaths in custody site in Australia, and one of the largest Aboriginal burial grounds in the State, the Island has the potential to become an important focal point for reconciliation and healing between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people. This paper will show how using the concept of a cultural landscape, the management authority is implementing an integrated planning system for the Island which will assist in respecting all heritage values but acknowledge the previously hidden Indigenous beliefs and painful Aboriginal history of incarceration.

    Cultural landscape, heritage management, Aboriginal history, reconciliation

  4. AbstractKeywords

    The aim of the study is to analyze the diversity of exotic plant species in a small tourist island in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. A field study was conducted at Gili Trawangan and Gili Air, West Nusa Tenggara. Tourism is the main activity in these islands, buttourism infrastructure development, garden landscaping and theintroduction of exotic plant species have caused dramatic changes in the vegetation of these small islands. A total of 108 non-native plant species of 44 families was recorded, demonstrating the high number of exotic plant species that have been introduced. The family with the highest number of species was Fabaceae, followed by Asparagaceae, Arecaceae, Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Anacardiaceae, and Myrtaceae. Native plant species have decreased as a consequence of tourism infrastructure development. Exotic plant species represent culturally and economically important resources in Gili Trawangan and Gili Air. Many native species in Gili are useful for food, construction material, ornaments, remedies, and forage. Exotic plant species are planted as ornaments, as well as for shade, ground cover, hedges and fences, and as focal points. Some important aspects should be considered in order to minimize the impact of exotic plant species upon native ecosystems, including plant species regulation, plant monitoring, and restoration of degraded habitats and encouraging the growth of local flora as acomponent of garden landscaping in the tourism infrastructure. Sustainable gardening may consist of establishing an agroforestry system to guarantee continuing small island ecosystems and rehabilitating the abandoned farmlands.

    exotic plant species, tourism risk, sustainable small island, Lesser Sunda

v5n2, 2016

  1. Abstract

    Ethnographic museums in the Western world are rooted in the 16th and 17th century history of cabinets of curiosity as well as the 18th and 19th century industrial fairs. As the tangible collections were transformed from displays of the exotic to different types of didactic exhibits, they were reunited with aspects of intangible heritage to tell more complete stories. In this paper, the history and impetus of European ethnographic museums is traced and several components which have influenced their relationship with intangible heritage are discussed.

  2. AbstractKeywords

    Fishing communities in many places around the world are facing significant challenges due to new policies and environmental developments. While it is imperative to ensure sustainability of natural resources, many policies may overlook the contribution of fisheries to the sociocultural well-being of coastal communities. Authors address the problem of valuing the sociocultural benefits of fishing by exploring the role of fishing landscapes and traditional working waterfronts in maintaining sense of place in fishing communities. The paper explores how sense of place contributes to understanding the relationship between fishing and cultural-ecosystem services, drawing on case studies from four U.S. fishing communities in Brunswick County, North Carolina. Through semi-structured and in-depth interviews with fishing communities members, resident photography and sites visits, this paper outlines how fishing contributes to sense of place in terms of place-attachment and cultural-social memory. By understanding the relationship between fishers’ sense of place, and the physical environment in fishing communities in Brunswick County, the authors identify the complexity and interrelated elements that shape the relationship between fishermen and their cultural landscape. The paper suggests that realizing the value of fishing cultural landscape can encourage policies that promote preservation of fishing cultural heritage for the sociocultural benefit of communities.

    Fishing culture, Fishing communities, Sense of place

  3. AbstractKeywords

    The paper describes the diversity and structural complexity of mangrove forest along Puerto Princesa Bay, Palawan Island, Philippines. Occurrence of 28 mangrove species and 11 floral associates were found, which identifies the entire bay as one of the most diverse mangrove forests in the country. Of the six coastal barangays surveyed, San Pedro had the highest diversity index, H′ = 0.912 while Sta Monica had the lowest, H′ = 0.349. Mangrove stands are structurally simple with two types of vegetation, fringe and riverine that further constitute five distinct mangrove zones named according to dominating species, Rhizophora-Sonneratia; Rhizophora-Sonneratia-Lumnitzera; Rhizophora-Lumnitzera-Xylocarpus; Rhizophora-Xylocarpus; and Rhizophora-Avicennia. Commonality among these zones is obvious as revealed in Bray-Curtis cluster analysis. Structural features differed across zones. Trees of larger dbh, 104.5 cm and higher species richness, a total of 15 species, were found in zone 1 while those that comprised the highest basal area, 438 m−2 ha−1 and density, 8100 ha−1 from zones 2 and 4, respectively. Zones 1 and 4 are fringing mangrove forests. Degrees of perturbations greatly depend on human access to mangrove areas. Garbage dumping, occasional cutting of trees, soil erosion, and encroachment of human settlers were identified as potential threats to mangrove forest along the bay.

    Puerto Princesa Bay, Mangroves, Species, Diversity, Structure

  4. AbstractKeywords

    The world today is facing the impact of the environmental changes, resulting in changes to the ecological environments and threats to the human living space. Thus, how the communities facing with those changes, revive the environment, and maintain the sustainable development of society and economy is an important direction for governmental policy around the world. With rich fishing resources, Penghu Islands has a long history of fisheries. However, faced with the impact of environmental changes and under the ecologically unequal exchange patterns of fishery and tourism, Penghu Islands has to rely on the main island of Taiwan for resources.

    This study aims to investigate the unequal exchange behavior of early fishery and recent tourism development of Penghu Islands. By reviewing the implementation of the policy of developing a low-carbon island, this study summarizes the resilient community construction pattern, which is very important to sustainable development, and expects that Penghu Islands can be constructed into an eco-tourism, environmental education, scientific research and living experience area, as well as an example of sustainable island.

    Penghu, Environmental change, Unequal exchange, Resilient community

  5. AbstractKeywords

    The mutual gaze enacts both hosts and guests. This paper expands the literature relating to the impact perspective of backpacker tourism. It investigates how hosts and backpackers perceive the socio-cultural impacts of backpacker tourism on local communities in less-developed countries; specifically the Yasawa Islands of Fiji. The discussion is based on data collected via surveys and a series of interview with hosts and backpackers in 2011. The results suggest that hosts and backpackers significantly perceived the socio-cultural impacts of backpacker tourism differently. While backpackers are generally neutral in their perceptions regarding their own impacts on the destination, the hosts are notably more aware. This knowledge is fruitful as it can inform destination policymakers in their deliberation on further sustainable tourism practices.

    Perception, Backpacker tourism, Socio-cultural impacts, Less-developed countries, Fiji

  6. AbstractKeywords

    The study was conducted among three hundred thirty-one (331) high school students (representing 83.59% of the total registered high school students) of Libo National High School in Barangay Libo, Municipality of Panukulan, Polillo Island, Quezon, Philippines, to assess their perception and understanding on the ecosystem functions and services, causes of degradation and destruction, and socio-economic importance of mangroves, seagrasses and coral reefs. Their perception, level of concern, and attitude on local environmental condition, socio-economic, and environmental issues were also determined. Results showed that the students were most knowledgeable on habitat, nursery and breeding ground function of seagrasses and coral reefs, and coastal protection function of mangroves. Majority of the students identified illegal fishing practices, uncontrolled wood harvesting and reclamation as major causes of degradation of coral reefs, mangroves and seagrasses, respectively. However, the students seem to be not familiar or less knowledgeable on the impact of climate change and upland anthropogenic activities to coastal ecosystems. This showed that the students were not able to reflect on the interconnectedness of upland and coastal ecosystems. The study also showed that the students were highly concerned about the quality of water in their traditional drinking wells and springs, degradation of mangroves due to uncontrolled wood cutting, and destruction of coral reef cover due to dynamite fishing. Furthermore, this study showed that the students have a positive environmental attitude, as well as awareness on social and environmental responsibility, and that they will likely participate in coastal resources management activities.

    Awareness, Attitude, Coastal ecosystem, Fisheries resources, Knowledge, Ecosystem services, Polillo Island, Panukulan

v5n1, 2016

Special Issue of The 3rd East Asian Island and Ocean Forum (2015, Mokpo)
  1. AbstractKeywords

    Western marine literature classics were translated into Pre-modern China, and Robinson Crusoe is one of the most representative. Various Chinese versions were rendered with the political and educational push of the time. The translation and introduction of the noted classic played a key role in the spreading and formation of the Chinese marine spirit, thus profoundly inspiring Chinese readers. The adventure of Robinson on the wild island provided a powerful spiritual impetus for those Chinese with lofty ideals. It is without doubt that the translated novel conforms to the spirit and demand of the time, and voices the inner mind of the Chinese, which is the very reason why it has been loved and accepted by the massive Chinese readers and influenced them so much ever since.

    Robinson Crusoe, Versions, Educational novel, Adventure novel, Marine spirit

  2. AbstractKeywords

    Ming Dynasty is a key transitional period in China’s maritime history. It marks the shift from outward expansion to passive defense, whereas underground marine trades were rampant and China had to face the rising Western powers. It deserves to examine Ming’s maritime management by different perspectives including the coastal islands. This research focuses on Veritable Records of the Ming (明實錄) and explores key terms such as ‘island’ (島) and ‘isle’ (嶼) via the approach of ‘Digital Humanities’ to sum up the main issues of islands governing in early Ming Dynasty: 1. To subjugate political rivals on the sea and to defeat remnant Mongolian militaries. 2. To surrender rebels and appease refugees on the coastal islands. 3. To suppress and defend against Japanese pirates. 4. Diplomatic relations with neighboring countries. These issues reflected that Chinese dynastic regime transition from Yuan to Ming not only drastically altered the order of the East Asia seas after 14th c., but was also the key factor for the island governing policies in the early Ming period. This article investigates the issues of islands governing to discuss how the internal and external situation and the characteristic oceanic consciousness influenced the marine affair policy decision in early Ming Dynasty.

    Islands governing, Early Ming Dynasty, Maritime Silk Road, Digital Humanities

  3. AbstractKeywords

    Yakushima Island (Yakushima) has been developed for eco-tourism, and it has been registered on the list of UNESCO world heritage (WH) sites. The inhabitants of Yakushima have derived great prosperity from their WH registration and are considered successful in Japan.

    In spite of the island’s strong economic growth due to tourism, there have been many social problems. The inhabitants, including tourist agencies and tour guides, are the primary agents of these social problems. In this paper, we explain that the causes of these social problems are rooted in a misinterpretation of the WH convention, especially the concept of ‘heritage’. We must define the meaning of ‘heritage’ and the related words in the convention.

    In doing this, it is necessary to introduce strictly defined legal terms from the civil law. In our civil law, the concept of ‘heritage’ is described as one concept, that is, joint-property or inheritance. Inheritance is owned jointly, and it consists of heirs and inheritance obligees, that is, all the peoples of the world. The inhabitants in Yakushima should recognize that they gave everyone from around the world the right to enjoy the naturale environment of their island after it was registered on the WH list.

    World heritage, Inheritance, Inherent obligation, Island, Civil law, Yakushima

  4. AbstractKeywords

    This study discussed the creation of a strategic approach to the policy tasks associated with the development of Korean island areas based on DEMATEL. To this end, after having derived the problematic elements hindering the development of Korean island areas, an attempt was made to structuralize residents’ perceptions via the implementation of a DEMATEL survey with the leaders of island areas. The problematic elements hindering the development of Korean island areas were identified as serious aging society, shortage of resident welfare facilities, fragmented industrial structure, limited labor forces, decreasing income sources, underdeveloped public transportation to the mainland, underdeveloped public transportation within islands, shortage of educational services, low sense of solidarity in villages, shortage of accommodation and leisure facilities, poor residential environments, and the serious debts accumulated by fishing households. The residents of island areas perceived underdeveloped public transportation to the mainland as the most fundamental and central element hindering the development of island areas. Impacting the regional economy and overall resident welfare, these problematic elements can be regarded as exhibiting the structural characteristics of underdeveloped areas. As such, the prerequisite for endogenous development of island areas is the improvement of the underdeveloped nature of accessibility to the mainland.

    Island development, Island areas, Policy tasks, Strategic approach, DEMATEL

  5. AbstractKeywords

    This article deals with the encounters between a traditional Korean rural and island population and western military forces when the British navy occupied Geomundo, an archipelago known to them as Port Hamilton, for 22 months between 1885 and 1887. The paper first outlines the sometimes painful process of East Asian countries being opened up to trade and outside influences in the 19th century, a process sometimes urged upon them by naval weapons in this era of gunboat diplomacy. This provides the setting for the Port Hamilton Affair itself when in preparation for possible war with Russia, a British naval squadron steamed into Port Hamilton and took it without reference to the local people or their national government. After brief reference to the political consequences of this action, the focus is then on what the records from the occupation and earlier investigations by the British, who had long coveted the islands’ strategic harbour, reveal about the life of the islanders. The article considers both their traditional life, from a time rather before western travel accounts were written about the Korean mainland, and how the islanders fared under the British.

    Port Hamilton, Geomundo, Korea, Gunboat diplomacy, Islands, Great Game

  6. AbstractKeywords

    This article examines the applicability of the Zomia concept for social scientific studies of the Malaysian region, with a focus on the Malaysian port cities, including Melaka. While for both empirical and socio-cultural reasons the term Zomia itself may not be entirely appropriate to the Malaysian Melaka region, the analytical implications that are based on James C. Scott’s usage of it, particularly the emphasis on the cultural dynamics of inter-ethnic, inter-national, and inter-religious relations of port areas, can be of great utility to those working in the Malaysian region. Zomia is a neologism gaining popularity with the publication of James C. Scott’s provocative book, The art of not being governed: an anarchist history of upland Southeast Asia. The term of Zomia is designed to indicate the people who has not been governed by the nation-state and national regime.

    Melaka, Frontiers, Maritime frontier, Zomia, East Asian maritime world, Port city, Melaka port city as maritime frontier, The ocean, The inland

  7. AbstractKeywords

    The article discusses the influence of World Natural Heritage registration on ecotourism by looking at the cases of Yakushima as the first World Natural Heritage site and Ogasawara as an advanced region of ecotourism in Japan, and also the Amami Islands and Iriomote Islands where various efforts have been taken toward the registration of World Natural Heritage.

    Ecotourism, Yakushima, Ogasawara, Iriomotejima, Amami Oshima, World Natural Heritage

  8. AbstractKeywords

    This article explains how a West African drum called djembe has been introduced and settled in Ioujima, a small island in Kagoshima, Japan. The drum and its music were brought in the island by Mamady Keita, who is a world famous djembedrummer from Guinea, in the 1990s. There has been established an international djembe school named ‘Mishima Djembe School’ in the island, and it attracts the musicians domestically and internationally. The music is contributing to revitalize the depopulating and aging island community.

    There are several reasons why the island has accepted the music from opposite side of the earth and the music has become an important part of the islanders both culturally and economically. One reason relates to the unique history of djembemusic. Another reason is the way the island has accepted and made the best use of the cultural resource to vitalize its social-economy. The events regarding djembe in the island used to be solely managed by the municipal office. However, the music became a joint project of the municipality and a music-related company. What the two stories explain is that transformation from ‘net-working’ to ‘knot-working’ has happened in the music and the islanders’ way of accepting it.

    West Africa, Ioujima, Djembe, Knot-working, Net-working

Regular Articles
  1. AbstractKeywords

    Land use in a specific region reflects the prevailing socioeconomic circumstances and cultures within that region. To this end, the current study analyzes the landscape structure of Shinan County using landscape indices based on land use to compare various socio-economic factors of the culture found on the islands of Shinan County. In addition, a cluster analysis was conducted to learn about the characteristics of islands exhibiting the same landscape structure. This analysis revealed that the landscape of the second largest island in Shinan County, Jido, was more fragmented than that of the biggest island Aphae. The cluster analysis led to the creation of three groups of islands exhibiting similar landscape structures. Group 1 is composed of the islands which are connected by a mainland bridge (called ‘yeonyukgyo’ in Korean). Group 2 and 3 also include the upper islands (those islands located in the northern area) and lower islands (those islands located in the southern area) in Shinan County. The presence of more advanced transportation systems and structures occasioned by their proximity to the island of Jido which was connected at an early date to the mainland ensured that the upper islands have historically been more frequently visited.

    Bridge, Cluster analysis, Islands, Landscape structure, Land use, Mainland bridge

  2. Abstract

    This article explores the significance of Yi Nanyǒng’s contribution to the history of Korean popular music through her song “Tears of Mokp’o.” Using the data gathered from surveys and interviews as well as a formal analysis of the song, I expound on the perceptional changes of “Tears of Mokp’o” from a hybrid colonial song to an ethnic, national song. For this purpose, I structure this paper as follows: In the second section, I examine the meaning and changes in trot spanning different periods, and investigate the current public sentiment toward trot. In the third section, I examine Yi Nan-yǒng’s life and her songs, as well as the public opinion of her works via survey analysis. Finally, I expound on the traditionalism found in “Tears of Mokp’o.” Through these materials, the article delineates how trot shifted from a foreign song to a traditional one.

  3. Disturbed regeneration of saplings of Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson), an endemic tree species, in Hallasan National Park, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, Jeju Island, Korea PDF Eun-Shik Kim, Choong Hyeon Oh, Hong Chul Park, So-Hee Lee, Junghwan Choi, Sung-Hoon Lee, Hong-Bum Cho, Wontaek Lim, Hyojung Kim, Young-Kyun Yoon 10.1016/j.imic.2016.02.001
    AbstractKeywords

    Limited knowledge is available on the regeneration of Korean fir (Abies koreanaWilson), an endemic plant species, growing on the upper part of Mt. Hallasan, a volcanic mountain, located in the central part of Jeju Island, Korea. A forest stand with the size of 1 ha dominated by Korean fir trees was established and all the trees with DBH 2 cm or larger were mapped and surveyed. Initial analysis indicated that the numbers of saplings with their DBHs between 2 cm and 10 cm were very small and that there was a big gap in the frequency of the number of saplings regenerated from the forest stand. It seems clear that the regeneration of the Korean fir trees was disturbed for longer than the last two decades, potentially by the browsing of the seedlings by ungulate including Siberian roe deer and by the physical hindrance of the dwarf bamboo to the development of the saplings of the Korean fir. Urgent measures and extensive studies are needed to promote the natural regeneration of the tree species on the dynamics of the forest regeneration and the mechanism of forest development of the forests on the Mt. Hallasan, Jeju Island, Korea.

    Decline, Dwarf bamboo (Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai), Frequency distribution, JEJU Island, Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson), Mt. Hallasan, Regeneration, Saplings, Seedlings, Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus Pallas), Stand dynamics, Ungulate browsing

  4. Subsistence fishing methods of Nicobari tribes using traditional knowledge PDF T. Ravikumar, Nagesh Ram, P. Krishnan, R. Kiruba Sankar, V. Sachithanandam, S. Dam Roy 10.1016/j.imic.2016.05.002
    AbstractKeywords

    Nicobarese are one of the six aboriginal tribes inhabiting Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They account for over 95% of the total tribal population in the islands and majority of them inhabit at Car Nicobar, which is the capital of Nicobar district and popularly called as Coconut Island. The Nicobari tribes are hunters and gatherers who use their indigenous knowledge for exploitation of marine fishery resourcesusing locally available materials. The common fishing methods in vogue are tamatu(trap), thanam kak (spear with rope) chok/linreny kak (spear with rubber), kinyav(icthyotoxic seed), thakua kak (line), kel thakua kak (hand line), tamarotha thakua kak(long line), Hanak Inhal Kak (shore seine), Inruon thakua kak (troll line) and Inhal (gill net). The Nicobari tribes have inherited the skill for designing and operating these gears from their forefathers. This paper summarises the traditional knowledge existing and commonly practiced among the Nicobari tribes for exploitation of marine fish at Car Nicobar.

    Nicobari tribes, Indigenous knowledge, Fishing

v4n2, 2015

  1. AbstractKeywords

    In the Adriatic, the importance in tourism of the small rowing and sailing boats, like the gajeta and other heritage vessels, is clearly relevant, as icons of heritage boats adorn brochures, logos, and their names are bequested to hotels and restaurants. As a symbol, the gajeta stands for the heritage of the island, and the ethics of the place; these constitute an intangible treasure which highlights the lifestyle of the agriculturalist society. However, the distinct experience of the gajeta, or other local boats as a relevant form of tourist activity, is largely missing in the offerings of local tourist information centers and nature parks where they reside. This paper outlines a heritage trail interpretive strategy, which would create a network supporting small local tourist venues that showcase intangible maritime heritage of the coast and islands. The methodology creates an alterative to what is primarily leisure-based tourism that Adriatic counties like Croatia are experiencing in all but the largest cultural monuments and ecological reserves which provide avenues for community-based ecological management in remote regions.

    Maritime, Intangible, Heritage, Adriatic, Croatia, Tourism, Gajeta, Falkuša, Community-based management, Adaptive co-management, Experience economy, Integrated rural tourism (IRT)

  2. AbstractKeywords

    This study examines possibilities in improving Guam’s economic independence. Growing economically and culturally sustainable industries benefit future generations. In this work bamboo, historically utilized on the island by the nativeCHamoru, is evaluated for industry and market potential specifically for Guam. Young adults of the island engaged to find creative possibilities for improving economic sustainability, utilizing methods that worked for them. Results include the use of social networking, gaining viewpoints of young adults who are far more interested in marketing the products than manufacturing them. Additionally, a potential for bamboo as a food source and charcoal aligns with the fiesta culture of Guam. Sourcing of Bamboo vulgaris, Guamís major bamboo species, has ecological benefits, while blumeana could be cultivated for crafts for export and tourists. Future study is planned to further involve young adults utilizing social networking methods developing culturally appealing and ecologically beneficial industry for the island.

    Island, Economy, Ecology, Bamboo, Guam, Culture, Sustainable, Agriculture

  3. Traditional usages of ichthyotoxic plant Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz. by the Nicobari tribes PDF T. Ravikumar, Nagesh-Ram, S. Dam-Roy, P. Krishnan, Grinson-George, M. Sankaran, V. Sachithanandam 10.1016/j.imic.2015.10.001
    AbstractKeywords

    The Barringtonia asiatica is a medium size tree commonly found in Car Nicobar Island known for its ichthyotoxic property. It grows on sandy and rocky shore areas and has lantern shaped seeds, locally called Kinyav used during the calm season in shallow and low tide waters for killing fishes, octopus, etc. At every successful operation they harvest about 1–3 kg and on the whole about 10–20 kg of fishes per trip. This method of fish catching was popular among the Car Nicobari tribes until massive tsunami of 26th December, 2004, which caused dislocation of tribes from their erstwhile coastal inhabitations to interior areas, damage of coral reefs, permanent water intrusion in the intertidal area and destruction of Kinyav trees. Hence, now-a-days the popularity of this fishing method among them has diminished. The study not only reveals the usefulness of seeds in harvesting of fishes but also the utilization of other parts of tree such as leaves for therapeutic purpose in fracture, wound, de-worming, pain relieving of human beings; log for construction of canoe, wooden houses, sitting stage, handicraft items, fire wood and whole tree for preventing the coastal erosion.

    Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Nicobarese, Kinyav, Tsunami

  4. AbstractKeywords

    SDBR is largely representative of the aforementioned archipelago, and its topography alone allows for species diversity. The demarcated divisions of SDBR have the following environmental traits. Eleven inhabited islands, including Heuksando and Hongdo, and eighty-nine uninhabited islands make up a total of one hundred islands and beaches. The coastline stretches 274.39 km long, and the area of land, including beaches, is 46.42 km2. The highest altitude above sea level is 377.6 m, set by the flag pole of Heuksando. Erosive waves have resulted in a multitude of oddly shaped rocks along the coastline. The buffer region of SDBR is made up of the land and sea areas that form Dadohaehaesang National Park, in which Bigeumdo and Dochodo are located. One hundred and thirty-three islands, seven inhabited and one hundred and twenty-six uninhabited islands, make up this buffer region, which has a 292.14 km-long coastline and a 102.27 km2-wide land area. The transitional region of SDBR is made up of residential areas and waters. Two hundred and fifteen islands make up this transitional region, which has a 441.79 km-long coastline and a 486.68 km2-wide land area. The highest altitude above sea level is 255 m, set by Seosan of Bigeumdo.

    Biocultural resources, Biosphere Reserve, Dadohae, Island development, Island economy

v4n1, 2015

  1. AbstractKeywords

    In the first decades of the twentieth century Palma emerged as a city worth visiting with a promising network of hotels and organised tours. Palma became an urban playground for British bohemians, artists, expatriates, and socialites. Their notion of leisure and pleasure (on a faraway island) provided the leitmotiv for the years to come. The purpose of this paper is to inspect the extent of which the different discourses adopted by British travel writers in the beginning of the twentieth century (coinciding with the birth of modern tourism on the island) worked to conform a contemporary vision of Palma and its coastal suburban areas (such as Magaluf or El Arenal) as opposed to the (rural and allegedly ‘authentic’) island. Firstly, the paper examines the different stages through which both Palma and the island are discursively constructed as opposed entities in the travel accounts in Mallorca’s first stages of tourism. A special focus is given to the discursive and ideological tools deployed to embellish upon or belittle the city and the island. Finally, I suggest that the images proposed by travellers in their accounts a hundred years ago evolve in today’s imagotypes of the island and its city.

    Mallorca, Island representation, Palma, Travel literature, Imagology, Urban/rural, El Terreno, Spain

  2. AbstractKeywords

    This article explores a socio-economic impact of ferry provision in Zadar island archipelago in Croatia. Poor frequency, accessibility, and unaffordable ferry prices to smaller islands have had a detrimental impact on island communities’ sustainability. This prompts for asking what constitutes the socio-economic impact of ferry provision on remote and rural islands’ sustainability. The paper analyses on one hand, regional traces of demographics of population, migration, employment and education; and on the other local traces of emerging island communities’ activities. Adverse impact from the financial resource scarcity and centralisationremain unavoidable, e.g., litoralisation, social exclusion, lack of trade inflows and outflows, entrepreneurship, and lack of employment opportunities for young generations. Island communities are aware of the need for alternative sustainable ways of managing their local economies and this study captures this through communal entrepreneurial and cultural activities. Political actors also must align with their needs in order to provide a long-term sustainable but limited support. Heterogeneity of space and data provides an opportunity for adopting pluralistic and interpretivistic insight and align more closely academic research with evidence-based policy related to rural planning for island archipelagos.

    Socio-economic impact, Rural–urban dynamics, Ferry services, Island archipelago, Community, Sustainability, Croatia

  3. AbstractKeywords

    This study assessed the spatial distribution of population growth of Marinduque, an island province in the heart of the Philippines. Based on the results, population of the province varies across time and space while densely populated areas are concentrated in coastal, flat and relatively flat regions. From 1990–2010, majority of the villages in the province experienced an increase in population. Global Moran’s Itest on the change in population and population growth rate suggests there is spatial clustering of these two variables among villages. Local Moran’s I test validated such results and was able to detect several High–High and Low–High clusters of villages.

    Small island, Spatial analysis, Moran’s I, LISA, Population, Philippines

  4. AbstractKeywords

    Local economies and livelihoods, cultures, and sustainability around the world are being challenged by wide ranging social and environmental changes. Despite many negative impacts, these changes also bring opportunities to initiate and implement innovations. Island communities are experiencing the forefront of much such action, particularly since they are often highly local and localised societies. Yet in many cases, global changes are being imposed without adequate support to the communities for dealing with those changes. The key question investigated by this paper is: How can local responses to global issues be improved for island communities? Examples of successes and problematic approaches, as well as those exhibiting both, are described in this paper. A research and action agenda on islander innovation is presented for researchers, policy-makers, and practitioners to highlight local responses to global issues.

    Climate change, Environmental change, Innovation, Islands, Islanders, Sustainability

  5. AbstractKeywords

    Sustainable management processes have undergone a shift from a top-down approach to a bottom-up approach. This bottom-up approach allows for a more apprehensive inclusion of stakeholders. In traditional hierarchical societies a combination of both is considered more desirable. This combination is described as a participatory approach that allows for bi-directional knowledge sharing. The question asked is whether this theoretical approach is viable in practice, taking into account different social, political and cultural influences. Qualitative research in bi-directional knowledge sharing and stakeholder participation in Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) was conducted in the provinces of Thua Thien Hue in Vietnam. Qualitative research was conducted using coding analysis. This analysis showed that in practice a great reluctance for change affects the implementation of ICZM. This reluctance is directly related to the level of power of stakeholders and the level to which stakeholders are embedded in the top-down tradition. Two contradicting results emerged. On the one hand the theoretical understanding of participatory ICZM is highest when reluctance for change is highest and vice versa. On the other hand a decrease in power results in an increase of the sustainability of the implementation of participatory ICZM. This research concluded that a ‘platform or structure’ is essential to achieve sustainability. In the Vietnamese context the tradition of power results in a platform which is both formal and non-formal. A non-formal platform is needed to create social capital, whereas a formal platform will limit the risk for arbitrariness and allow for institutionalisation.

    Integrated coastal zone management, Bi-directional knowledge sharing, Participatory resource management, Social learning, Change management

v3n2, 2014

Special Section on Island development and local capacities toward sustainability. Edited by Prof. Huei-Min Tsai.
  1. AbstractKeywords

    Issues surrounding island development have generated a growing volume of research. What does it mean to develop? How can island communities maintain control over development processes to the benefit of the local economy, rather than seeing economic flows enter and exit the island with little or a primarily negative impact? And how important is local knowledge for edifying local governance and enhancing potentials for innovation in island development? Island histories have repeatedly been forwarded as exemplars and ‘lessons’ for global learning on (un)sustainability. To consider these issues, we have selected a number of papers from among the presentations given at the International Geographical Union’s Commission on Islands Conference, Island Development: Local Economy, Culture, Innovation and Sustainability, which took place in the Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan, 1–5 October 2013. These papers serve as examples of how the processes of globalization have penetrated the borders and changed the political and economic structures of islands. They also explore how island-based innovations in science, technology, culture, and formal or informal governance might contribute to sustainable island development.

    Island development, Sustainability, Globalization, Local governance

  2. AbstractKeywords

    The islands in the delta of the Mahakam River in East Kalimantan have for a very long time been of little interest to anybody. It was a hostile environment for human settlement, exploitable resources were limited and nobody could think of options for alternative forms of land use. The area was classified as ‘marginal or empty land’.

    Things started to change dramatically in the 1990’s when the development of shrimp ponds became an attractive option. Land covered with forests of nipa palms and mangrove trees could be converted into highly profitable shrimp ponds. The demand for shrimps was booming and the delta was a kind of new frontier without any government control. Buginese fishermen and investors started to convert the landscape into extensive shrimp ponds. The financial crisis in Southeast Asia at the end of the 1990’s made the export of shrimps in dollars from Indonesia even more profitable because of the enormous inflation of the country’s currency. Over the years new settlements were constructed and informal forms of land rights were established. The spirit of ‘regional autonomy’ after the fall of President Suharto in 1998 contributed to this development.

    The discovery in the delta of new fields full of oil and natural gas brought new and powerful actors into the area. As a result of competing claims over land and resources, the formerly ‘marginal and empty lands’ became highly contested. At present the provincial government is trying to take control over the delta islands but the gap between formal and informal forms of management is not easy to overcome.

    The article is based on recent field research in the area as part of the East Kalimantan Project within the framework of research collaboration between Indonesia and the Netherlands.

    Delta Islands, Kalimantan, Mahakam River, Shrimp ponds, Marginal lands

  3. AbstractKeywords

    Efforts to preserve fragile ecosystems that focus on removing human intervention from the environment risk ignoring the political and social systems underlying environmentally destructive economic activities. In contrast, a biocultural diversity perspective allows for environmental protection to be approached with sensitivity to human needs. This paper explores the case of Karanrang Island, Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, where fishing with toxins and bombs is proving detrimental to fish stocks and the surrounding coral reefs. Interviews with Karanrang fishers reveal that these destructive fishing practices are bound up with the region’s punggawa-sawi political and social system of patron–client relationships. The paper shows how the informal governance operating through these patron–client relationships traps fishers into destructive fishing practices. It is argued that environmental protection efforts should take into account political and social contexts.

    Patron–client relationships, Informal governance, Destructive fishing practices, Environmental protection, Indonesia, Biocultural diversity

  4. AbstractKeywords

    Human behavior and the environment interact reciprocally. It is necessary to understand social and ecological systems as an integrated co-evolving social–ecological system (SES) to reveal why an environment is in its current condition and how humans have impacted upon and been influenced by the dynamics of natural system. Many societies in coastal and marine SESs rely on marine natural capital for their livelihoods. They have adjusted to changes in natural capital by utilizing human-made capital (i.e., physical, human, and social capital), and their behavior is simultaneously influencing the natural capital. This study conceptualizes a capital-based framework for investigating the adaptation and transformation of a social–ecological system on temporal scale and provides a case study of Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan, with a 110-year historical review of the period of 1900–2010. It is furthermore examined how human society adapts to marine natural resourceproblems in order to understand the coping strategies. The results show human-made capital is inadequate with respect to sustaining marine natural resources. Appropriate investment in human-made capital is required for solving the problem. The challenge is to invest in social capital so as to form functional institutions that employ physical and human capital in a sustainable manner.

    Social–ecological system, Social capital, Marine natural resource management, Adaptation, Penghu, Taiwan

  5. AbstractKeywords

    The cultures of the islands of Kinmen and Xiamen, also respectively Quemoy and Amoy, are tightly interwoven with the South China coastal region of Fujian. Both archipelagos played important historical roles in coastal defense and have been home to many Overseas Chinese since the 19th Century. A decisive battle in the Chinese Civil War was fought on Kinmen in 1949, cutting off Kinmen’s connection with Xiamen and Fujian. Positioned on a critical frontier between the ‘free world’ and the ‘communist world’, self-sufficiency became militarily important in the event of a blockade. After 1979, Xiamen was designated as a special economic zone attracting large flows of foreign investment and experiencing rapid urban development. Since 2002 the scheduled ferries between Kinmen and Xiamen reopened connections between Kinmen and its neighbor cities in the People’s Republic of China. Renewed exchange highlighted the remarkable differences between the two archipelagos’ developmental paths that had developed over the course of the 53-year suspension of contact. This paper analyzes these divergent developmental paths through comparative case studies involving forms of enclosure. The wetland conservation at Tzi Lake in Kinmen as well as gentrified residential developments around Yuan-dan Lake in Xiamen are compared; changing relationships, the impact of the sudden re-opening of borders, new forms of enclosure under globalization; and regional flows of capitals are discussed.

    Islands, Kinmen, Xiamen, Special economical zone, Taiwan strait

  6. AbstractKeywords

    Since the mid-20th century the Balearic Islands have experienced significant changes as a result of their incorporation into the global economy as a mass tourism destination. The expansion of urbanisation has become a main change, given that the archipelago’s urbanised surface has increased fivefold since 1956. The territory of the islands has been organised internally to meet the demands of, first, tourism, and, second, the residential demands of Central European countries. The process has generated a whole new territorial model, dominated by new urban coastal and metropolitan areas in larger cities. This new model overlaps the regular traditional scattered centres inland with some walled coastal towns, from the pretourist model. This paper quantifies, describes, and explains these changes based on data from a series of land cover maps of 1956, 1973, 1995, and 2006, paying special attention to the particularities of each of the islands: Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera.

    Urban sprawl, Balearic Islands, Tourism, Coastal urbanisation

Regular Articles
  1. AbstractKeywords

    When the global moratorium on commercial whaling was implemented in 1986, Korea prohibited whaling; however, there was no effort to build the capacity of social institutions to guide local residents to cooperate with the policy. Utilizing a social ecology approach, this research examines the practice of eating whale meat in Ulsan, South Korea, to illustrate the importance of culture for attaining the social acceptance of wildlife conservation policy. The cultural models which influence the consumption of whale meat are here classified as representing four distinct responses to the moratorium: opposition, resistance, evasion and support. The two most important changes are the public utilization of whale meat as a symbol of an endangered culture, and the reliance on meat procured legally from accidental entanglements of whales in fishing nets (cetacean bycatch). These cultural changeshave a social function, which is to impart legitimacy and acceptance to the continued consumption of whale meat, from illegal as well as legal sources. Given the cultural acceptance of whale meat, I argue that it will not be possible to eradicate the illegal market through enforcement alone. Instead, the solution is to persuade local consumers of whale meat to cooperate with the moratorium.

    Social conflict, Wildlife conservation, Minke whale [Balaenoptera acutorostrata], Whale meat, Cultural models

  2. AbstractKeywords

    The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) is a holistic one as EAF considers all species as important elements within the eco-system. An EAF requires that community and ecosystem structure should be maintained by harvesting fish communities in proportion to their natural productivity, thereby sustaining the balance of species and sizes in a community. This article draws from research on the reef fish community and catch in Kotania Bay on Seram Island in Maluku, Indonesia, an area of approximately 6000 ha. Based on the trophic guild (ie the aggregation of species utilizing similar food resources) on the reef, the biomass of predator fish currently being captured now represents 40.4% of the total catch biomass. Members of the grouper family, the humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) and trevally (Caranx melampygus) in particular, have become targeted for sale in fish markets. If these predators are selectively targeted and exploited, the overall reef fishery and the human populations that depend on it may become imperilled, given these species’ significant roles in controlling those lower in the food chain. This study thereby emphasizes the need for balanced fisheries informed by the EAF model in small island fisheries management in order to sustain food security in such regions.

    Ecosystems, Balanced fisheries, Trophic guild, Small islands, Kotania Bay, Maluku

  3. AbstractKeywords

    The island area has well preserved geodiversity and biodiversity due to minimal exposure to humans. UNESCO has maintained things and sites with geological importance as geoheritage. Although a number of natural heritages and national parks exist on ‘geological’ bases, geodiversity concepts are less concerned about biodiversity due to a lack of recognition. Recently, geotourism linked to geodiversity has been activated in worldwide and geopark programs have been established in many countries. These precedents offer good chances for the use of geoheritage and preservation of geodiversity. Geopark programs can lead to the preservation of geodiversity and public geoeducation through tour of geosites. In particular, it is necessary to understand oceanic nature and culture including islands through geoeducation programs used by geodiversity of islands. Gwanmae Island is the first luxury village named by the Korea National Park Service. This study suggests plans of geotourism by geosites with noticeable geodiversity of the island.

    Island, Geodiversity, Geoheritage, Geotourism, Geosites, Geoeducation

  4. AbstractKeywords

    This article outlines the development of Vietnam’s Con Dao archipelago (and Con Son island in particular) as tourism destinations since the formal reunification of Vietnam in 1975. In particular it examines the nature of the area’s two main tourism attractions, Con Son’s prison sites and memorials and the archipelago’s natural environment, and how these have been marketed to and experienced by national and international tourists. This discussion also involves considerations of the concept of thanatourism and how the latter might be understood to operate in a Vietnamese context. The final sections of the article consider development plans and options for the archipelago; how these can be understood within national political contexts; and what problems there might be with their implementation.

    Con Dao, Con Son, Vietnam, Thanatourism

  5. AbstractKeywords

    As a province composed of hundreds of small islands, Maluku is highly susceptible to decreasing biodiversity of plant resources for agriculture. Pressures from pests and disease infestations, difficulty of seed storage, market demands for specific cultivars, and the introduction of new superior varieties are decreasing crop and plant genetic diversity and will impact the food security in the islands. The establishment of community genebanks is proposed to ensure the continuing existence of plant genetic resources and thus the food security of the islands of Maluku Province. The development of facilities and training of personnel to support the survey, collection, and conservation of materials is required, in part to facilitate their cycling of the crop/plant materials to farmers in need. Also required is the study of role and the problems faced by farmers in order to propose supports for bio-diversity that maybe sociological as well as technological.

    Genetic diversity, Community genebank, Food security, Small islands

Corrigendum

v3n1, 2014

  1. AbstractKeywords

    The study was conducted in order to establish and describe the mangrove zones and the resource uses in Ajuy and Pedada Bays, Panay Island, Iloilo, Philippines. Plot or quadrat method coupled with informal community folk interviews were done. Cluster and principal component analyses indicated four mangrove zones: Zone 1 – Avicennia–Sonneratia zone; Zone 2 – Avicennia–Rhizophora zone; Zone 3 – Avicennia–Excoecaria–Bruguiera–Ceriops zone; and Zone 4 – Avicennia zone. Fishpond establishment was the main dominant activity. Additionally, subsistent and apparently sustainable localized fuel wood gathering was still evidently practiced by the fisherfolks. With the bays’ natural mangrove landscape greatly deformed and transformed, the study recommends two strategies which could serve as its turning point leading to a more sustainable utilization and conservation of the mangroves. First we recommend the creation of a landscape corridor and secondly, adoption of a mangrove aquasilviculture system as an alternative to the current extensive fishpond practice. Implementation of these two strategies can be facilitated by a strong biodiversity education program and a local ordinance.

    Ajuy Bay, Fishpond, Panay Island, Mangrove utilization, Mangrove zonation, Pedada Bay, Philippines

  2. AbstractKeywords

    There has been increasing awareness that communities based on islands are subject to particular island-related factors (the so-called ‘island effect’). This paper sheds empirical light on how the island effect differs in different kinds of island communities, specifically solitary islands on the one hand and archipelagos on the other. It does so by comparing two subnational island jurisdictions (SNIJs) in England: the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight. By analysing census statistics, we show how the spatial distribution in the Isles of Scilly (an archipelago) and the Isle of Wight (a solitary island) is interrelated with patterns of population and employment. Although the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight are both tourism economies, the data indicates that, in social and economic terms, the Isles of Scilly benefits while the Isle of Wight suffers as a result of their different patterns of spatial distribution. We conclude that an island community’s spatial distribution has a significant influence on its societal development and that the island effect differs among islands with different patterns of spatial distribution.

    Spatial distribution and development, Peripheral economies, Subnational island jurisdictions, Archipelagos, Isles of Scilly, Isle of Wight

  3. AbstractKeywords

    This article examines the manner in which local identity can be constructed on small islands from the selective prioritisation and elaboration of exogenous elements that become localised by this process and can subsequently function as a brand within contemporary tourism markets. The particular analysis of identity motifs on Takarajima island that we expound examines aspects of the relationships between folklore and contemporary media and references contemporary debates concerning archaeology’s interface with folklore and popular culture in the context of (non-scientific) ‘treasure hunting’.

    Takarajima, Exogeneity, Folklore, Identity, Local branding, Captain Kidd, Treasure hunting

  4. AbstractKeywords

    This is a base research to analyze the evolution of fishing gear shapes in response to the types of marine benthic organisms and ‘getbatang-harvesting tidal flat’ in Daebu Island in Gyeonggi Bay. Daebu Island has variety of relatively well preserved natural coast lines and fishing gears. Hand hoes were divided into two categories, one for manila clam collecting and the other for mud octopuscollecting. The ones used to catch mud octopuses are much larger and heavier. Clear distinction of shapes and forms were found even among the hand hoes used for collecting the similar types of catch, depending on the getbatang that they were used on. Also, mud octopus hand hoes varied in shapes and forms depending on the region that they were found in and the sex of the user. Fishing gears of other islands in Gyeonggi Bay, Oi Island, Jangbong Island and Ganghwa–Donggum Island, showed differences as getbatang varies, and each region sometimes had different uses of the same tool from each other. It is necessary that we continue the investigation and analysis on the relationship between the shape of fishing gears, organisms, and getbatang sediment conditions before the traditional fishing gears disappear any further.

    Daebu Island, Fishing gear, Fishing tools, Getbatang, Tidal flat, Traditional fishing

v2n2, 2013

Special issue on Island biocultural diversity and traditional ecological knowledge. Edited by Sun-Kee Hong, Priscilla Wehi, Hiroyuki Matsuda.

Island biocultural diversity and traditional ecological knowledge
  1. AbstractKeywords

    Aotearoa New Zealand (ANZ) was one of the last land masses settled by humans, with the arrival of Māori ca. 1280 AD. This relatively recent human history allows unprecedented opportunity to investigate traditional ecological knowledge(TEK) in changing environmental and societal contexts. Before European contact, Māori culture had a strongly developed tradition of oral literature, including ancestral sayings (whakataukī). Whakataukī represent one of the main ways of transmitting critical information about all aspects of life and society, including TEK. Our aim in this paper was to analyse information on marine resources contained in whakataukī. We analysed linguistic cues to place whakataukī that refer to marine resources in five time periods, before examining the frequencies of occurrence for these whakataukī, and thus infer the likely importance of these resources through time. References to specific fish reduced through time, in contrast to generic references; we argue that these patterns are associated with societal developments. Naming of fish species during the initial settlement period likely reflects prior Polynesian voyaging experience. Many early fish references are associated with food, but later references to fish do not strongly reflect this pattern. The occurrence of marine resources such as elasmobranchs and shellfish in the whakataukī differ from their occurrence in the archaeological record, reflecting limitations associated with both forms of record.

    Ancestral sayings, Archaeology, Ethnography, New Zealand, Oral tradition, Polynesia

  2. AbstractKeywords

    Yakushima Island, which has been designated a Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site, has rich biodiversity and a culture that depends on the local ecosystem. The biodiversity of this island is characterized by a unique biota because the island is located at a biogeographic boundary.

    The inhabitants revere nature and use natural resourcesfrom the sea, lowlands, and mountains. They have inherited a bioculture that they use throughout their lives and have close relationships with deer (Cervus nippon), sea turtles (Caretta caretta), and spotted mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius).

    The number of tourists visiting Yakushima Island increased after it was inscribed on the World Heritage List. However, most visitors do not visit the villages in the lowland areas and are not interested in the traditional biocultural diversity on the island. The residents are faced with decreasing agricultural and fishery production and the economic effects of sightseeing are limited. To conserve biocultural diversity on Yakushima and to enhance sustainability, it is necessary to create a plan for the entire island. We hope that the biocultural diversity of this island will be passed on to future generations with pride, utilizing the concept of a Biosphere Reserve.

    Biodiversity, Biosphere reserve, Cultural diversity, World Heritage List, Zoning for conservation and utilization

  3. AbstractKeywords

    The Linnaean system has a set of rules governing botanical nomenclature, zoological nomenclature and bacteriological nomenclature for the scientific naming of species. These set the principles, rules and standards with which authors should comply with when naming new species. In Aotearoa/New Zealand (ANZ), the knowledge and taxonomic systems of Māori (the indigenous people) have largely been the preserve of Western anthropologists, linguistics and ethnographers. As such, the Linnaean classification system has been superimposed over the pre-existing classifications of Māori since European settlement approximately 200 years ago. A range of strategies have been applied to the naming of new species within a scientific context when using the Māori language (an east-Polynesian language), which do not adhere to the Linnaean system including arbitrary practices, hybridisation, incorrect linguistic context, a lack of full understanding of the meanings of the words and names and questionable naming practices of taxonomists. This paper discusses these issues, including examples, to illustrate the breadth of issues that we encountered. Although no code of practice or set of rules can anticipate or resolve the problem, there is an advantage to developing a set of possible recommendations as to the use of Māori words in the names of new species.

    Māori, New Zealand, Taxonomy, Linnaean, Culturally-sensitive approach

  4. AbstractKeywords

    Gotjawal, a uniquely formed forest vegetation on the lava terrain located at eastern and western parts of Jeju Island, covers 6% of the island’s land surface. The Gotjawal forests play important roles in establishing the biological and cultural diversity while maintaining ecosystem services. Recently, with the recognition of the diverse ecological and cultural values of the Gotjawal forests, efforts to conserve the forests were conducted by adopting the resolutions of the Jeju World Conservation Congress of the IUCN held in 2012. Despite its precious values, the Gotjawal forest is being threatened by the developmental activities of large scale constructions projects. To understand the recent regeneration of the Gotjawal forests, ecological studies have been conducted at the Hankyeong-Andeok Gotjawal Terrain, which is located in the western part and occupies the largest area of the Gotjawal Terrain of Jeju Island. Major vegetation in the area includes the deciduous broad-leaved forests (Acer palmatumStyrax japonicus community), mixed deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved forests (Neolitsea aciculataStyrax japonicus community), and evergreen broad-leaved forests (Quercus glauca community). In addition, the Gotjawal forests are evaluated as secondary forests mainly developed from sprouts. Tree-ring studies have revealed that the Gotjawal forests were regenerated from mid- to late-1960s after the cessation of human activities for using woods for various resources.

    Conservation, Ecosystem services, Gotjawal forests, Human influence, Jeju Island, Regeneration

  5. AbstractKeywords

    Sri Lanka has vast dry low-lying plains irrigated using traditional micro-(or meso-) watershed management system referred to as the Tank Cascade System (TCS). We discuss the implications of this irrigation system which include the development of lowland paddy (Oryza sativa L.) farming. In addition, the TCS has retarded negative consequences from chronic and recurrent droughts, seasonal flooding, land degradation and enhanced the food security while helping to attain self sufficiency in rice. The indirect benefits from TCS include numerous environmental services from these naturalized habitats.

    Tank Cascade System, Watershed management

  6. AbstractKeywords

    Cultural diversity is highly dependent on the regional environment and natural resources. From an environmental historical perspective, the course of destruction of human civilization resulting from the depletion of ecosystems and resources, we confirm how the sustainable use of resources and appropriate conservation strategies are contributing to regional development. Due to the recent rapid changes in climate, the environments of oceanic and island regions are changing and the ecosystems and biological diversity are also undergoing significant changes. Island residents are very vulnerable to the changing natural environment, and diverse cultural characteristics and ecosystem knowledge that has been maintained up until now are under a threat of gradual extinction. Traditional culture and knowledge are related to the survival of islanders. This situation is understood throughout the world; in response to which, international organizations such as the IUCN and UNESCO, etc. have also put forth continuing efforts in preserving the life, cultures, ecology and knowledge of the island regions. This paper purports to provide a brief description of the international trends and backgrounds based on the ‘Island Biocultural Diversity Initiative’ and the latest activities.

    Asia-Pacific islands, Cultural diversity, Island Biocultural Diversity Initiative, Islanders, Traditional ecological knowledge

Regular Articles
  1. AbstractKeywords

    The population of the North Sea archipelago of Shetland, UK possesses a distinct sense of ethnic identity, which connects the island’s present-day community to that of its Old Norse/Viking settlers from Scandinavia. This sense of Viking ethnicity, however, is relatively recent, first arising in the 19th Century. This paper argues that Shetland’s cultural identity must be understood in terms of the islands’ historical interconnectedness with trends in literature and scholarship in mainland Scotland, Britain, and Europe as a whole. Part II of this two-part paper looks at how the rise of nationalism and philological research into race and ethnicity in the 1800s both drew upon and contributed to Shetlanders’ understanding of their history and culture. In the 1890s, Edinburgh scholar David MacRitchie promoted a theory to explain European and Asian fairy folklore. This theory was grounded in the history of Orkney and Shetland and eventually made a significant impact in Shetland itself, being used by the author Jessie Saxby to promote a distinctive local identity concept. MacRitchie’s work also contributed to later research connected to the development of neopaganism and racist Nazi ideology. The conclusion concerns the role of isolated island communities within flows of cultural development and exchange.

    Islands, Orkney and Shetland, Vikings, Fairies, Aryans, Ethnicity and racial anthropology

  2. AbstractKeywords

    The main purpose of this article is to analyze the dynamics of relation between inland and maritime cultures in an insular region by taking Java island, Indonesia, as an object of study. Java island is located in the midst of Indonesianarchipelago which is geographically recognized as the “maritime continent” and the widest insular region in the world. During the history, Java has been one of the most important islands not only in the Indonesian archipelago but also in Southeast Asian region. It is interesting that Java has not only varied maritime cultures but also feudalistic inland culture. Moreover, during the course of history there has been a latent contesting relationship among the two different types of culture, which has been coloring the history of Indonesia at large till the present day.

    Inland culture, Maritime culture, Insular region, Maritime continent

  3. AbstractKeywords

    The penetration of financialization into the biocultural geographies of islands builds upon processes of commodification and privatization of environments, entailing enclosures of resource commons, environmental destruction and displacement of people, their livelihoods, knowledge and practices, with implications for sustainability. Against this background I critique the growing literature on acronym models of island development, arguing for more careful consideration of issues concerning democracy, human rights and sustainability. Drawing on the ‘right to the city’ literature, I highlight the importance of the ‘right to the island’ in an effort to move beyond the policy imperatives of MIRAB, SITE and PROFIT. Exercising the right to the island involves cultivating radically pluralistic democracy through struggles for alternative island futures. In so doing it problematizes what it means to develop and achieve sustainability.

    Financialization, Sustainability, Right to the island, Island development, MIRAB, PROFIT, SITE

v2n1, 2013

  1. AbstractKeywords

    The study focuses on conceptions of the identity of Wolin Island, the area located in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. Identity is regarded as a complex phenomenon, and the research incorporates two primary perspectives: socio-cultural and spatial. Investigations reveal that key factors affecting the identity of the island include tourism development and a post-war history connected with significant migration processes. In consequence, the relationships between tourism and identity have been emphasised.

    Investigation of the theme is accompanied by an analysis of the role of external elements posing a threat to Wolin’s identity. They include worldwide factors, which embrace a cultural shift, devaluation of landscape or place meaning, and more site-specific processes, such as the local growth of the heritage industry. The discussion is followed by reflections on intrinsic features of identity and its evolution. In conclusion, main elements for construction of Wolin Island’s identity are distinguished, and the lack of dependence on ‘islandness’ is noted.

    Identity, Tourism, Island, Northern Poland, The Baltic Sea

  2. AbstractKeywords

    The active imagining of a European identity needs to engage with the geographical possibilities, visualisations and performativities of place. It is all too easy but superficial and naive to consider geophysical parameters as the silent backdrop or empty canvas on which cultural initiatives unfold. European islands, amongst other features – mountains, coasts, forests – are imbued with powerful (and often Western) myths and tropes of place: they combine materiality and metaphor, presenting spaces that at once appear open and closed, fixed yet fluid, complete and peripheral, vulnerable yet resilient. The geo-social constitution of their culture is also subject to the vantage point of the observer, him/herself caught in the liminality between being a visitor, being an islander, and various other uneasily defined categories in between.

    Acknowledging the insights of the likes of Clifford Geertz, Ulf Hannerz, Anna-Maria Greverus and Owe Ronström, this paper proposes that a critical analysis and appreciation of European culture in island landscapes must be one that engages with the nature of islandness; the locus of study should also be the focus of study. This paper also suggests epistemologies to flesh out this approach, its merits, but also the dangers associated with essentialising island spaces and peoples.

    Culture, Europe, Focus, Islandness, Island studies, Locus, Landscape, Metaphor, Materiality, Natural laboratories

  3. AbstractKeywords

    In this paper the author deals with the claiming of Korčulan identity for Marco Polo as an invented tradition. According to some, the combination of Korčulan archive data, Korčulan family names and some historical facts give the island’s inhabitants the opportunity to question Marco Polo’s “Venetian origin” and attempt to claim that he or his family originated on the island. The author analyzes the attitudes and opinions of local residents concerning the issue and discusses it in the framework of the concept of invented tradition. The contemporary use of Marco Polo name as a symbol for Korčula Island reveals its great potential for tourism.

    Korčula Island, Marco Polo, Invented tradition, Place marketing

  4. AbstractKeywords

    This article addresses aspects of contemporary heritage orientation of Tanegashima and Yakushima islands in southern Japan in the context of their historical association; the status of adjacent Mageshima island; and the divergent nature of the tourism attractions and related industries that have developed on the islands from the late 20th Century on. The discussion involves two aspects of heritage and heritage protection and exploitation; in the case of Yakushima, one focused on the natural environment and, in the case of Tanegashima, one substantially premised on historical and present-day technological refinements and innovations. As might be expected, these different orientations result in different engagements with issues of environmental protection. The islands’ divergent trajectories illustrate the range of potential developments for small islands and the problem with over-generalistic characterisations of island ‘essences’ and/or predetermined socio-economic destinies.

    Tanegashima, Yakushima, Mageshima, World heritage, Japanese space program

  5. AbstractKeywords

    The population of the North Sea archipelago of Shetland, UK possesses a distinct sense of ethnic identity, which connects the island’s present-day community to that of its Old Norse/Viking settlers from Scandinavia. This sense of Viking ethnicity, however, is relatively recent, first arising in the 19th Century. This paper argues that Shetland’s cultural identity must be understood in terms of the islands’ historical interconnectedness with trends in literature and scholarship in mainland Scotland, Britain, and Europe as a whole. Part I of this two-part paper looks at how works of literature and international academic research into folklore, racial anthropology, archaeology, and philology influenced and were influenced by the Shetland community’s conceptions of its own history. Over the course of the 19th Century, a sense of ethnic uniqueness and identification with the Vikings gradually developed in Shetland, linked to ideas concerning Shetland’s past inhabitants (Picts and Vikings), past folk belief (Finns, mermaids, and fairies), and the increasing prominence of research into Aryan/Indo-European ethnicity. Despite its geographic isolation, the history of ideas within Shetland is fundamentally one of interchange with the wider world.

    Islands, Orkney and Shetland, Vikings, Ethnicity, Racial anthropology, Aryans

  6. AbstractKeywords

    There are widespread tidal flats along the southwestern coast of Korea. At the provincial level, Jeonnam region has the largest tidal flat area, of which the main part is located in Shinan-gun, a municipality consisting of only islands. This area, including its tidal flats, has a high species diversity as well as a high cultural. However, the various important ecological functions of tidal flats are not recognized, as in most cases the tidal flats are utilized simply as reclaimed land. During the period of Japanese colonialism in the 20th century large-scale reclamation of tidal flats took place in Shinan-gun, and rice was produced on the land that was reclaimed. From the standpoint of ecological services, tidal flats can be more than agricultural fields. Even though tidal flats have not yet been analyzed from the cultural perspective so much, their value can be expected to be very high. As an aggregation of a variety of ecological functions that occur by ecological processes, tidal flats have the better value in terms of ecological services than other land uses. This new, richer understanding of the value of tidal flats should be a stimulus to maximize its value by thoughtful landscape managementand planning.

    Culture, Ecosystem services, Land use, Reclamation, Shinan-gun, Tidal flat

v1n2, 2012

  1. AbstractKeywords

    Land and water, landscape and seascape, nature and culture, communication and isolation, island and islanders are inseparable dualities. In this introductory paper of the new journal on Marine and Island Cultures, the relationship between these dualities is discussed and a few key concepts such as insularity, isolation, island laboratories and biocultural diversity are mentioned.

    Islands, Culture and nature, Landscape and seascape, Biocultural diversity, Conservation

  2. AbstractKeywords

    Islands – especially small ones – are now, unwittingly, the objects of what may be the most lavish, global and consistent branding exercise in human history. This paper draws on a post-structuralist perspective to propose an understanding of “the island lure” by disentangling and unpacking four, inter-related, constituent components of ‘islandness’. These components are themselves borrowed and adapted from a spatial analysis of power and power relations, and especially from Henri Lefebvre’s treatise on spaces of production. In its ontological approach, the paper offers a different critique of the representation of islands and island life.

    Branding, Islands, Metaphor, Organisations, Representation, Space

  3. AbstractKeywords

    Through the East Asian waters its neighbouring countrieshave since early times on maintained networks of trade and exchange relations. Historically, these waters constituted not only a kind of border or natural barrier but from very early times on also a medium facilitating all kinds of exchanges and human activities, a medium through which in particular private merchants but also governments and official institutions established contacts with the world beyond their borders. The seas were sometimes considered a barrier but above all a contact zone, a medium that despite its dangers and difficulties enabled people to establish and maintain manifold exchange relations.

    This article intends to provide a general outline of the historical role and significance of East Asian maritime space from its origins to approximately 1800, including the East China Sea, the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea (Huanghai), the southern section of the Japanese Sea, and parts of the South China Sea (now usually called Nanhai). It focuses especially, although not exclusively, on China’s traditional treatment of and reference to this maritime realm. Also in order to maintain the spatial concept operable, we have decided to call this maritime space the “China Seas”.

    China seas, Maritime history, East Asian Mediterranean, Maritime space, Maritime trade, Exchange relations

  4. AbstractKeywords

    The ESLAND Project (http://www.eslandproject.eu) seeks to investigate ‘European culture as expressed in island landscapes’. All the world’s islands, except perhaps those of the high Arctic and high Antarctic, are cultural landscapes: the product of interactions between the environment, plants and animals, and human cultures. Any cultural landscape, whether of an island or otherwise, accumulates the results of such interactions, which typically go back at least for centuries and often involve more than one culture. For example, in the eastern half of the island of Tasmania, English settlers tried, with varying success, to replicate the hedges and fields of their distant homeland, to the extent of importing hawthorn and elm trees as well as wheat and sheep. This expression of European culture, dating from the early to mid nineteenth century, is superimposed on a pre-existing savanna of scattered giant eucalyptus trees, another cultural landscape resulting from thousands of years of land management by Tasmanian Aborigines.

    Island landscapes, European culture, Cultural landscapes, Island environments, plants, animals, and history, Island special features

  5. AbstractKeywords

    The review essay opens with positive attributes of Ireland but then considers that the island has been subject to centuries of bitter dispute and unrest. The historical background to this is outlined, particularly the interactions between Ireland and its neighbouring island, Great Britain, which dominated Irish affairs. One policy adopted by the British was to encourage migration of Protestants into the largely Catholic island in the vain hope that this would reduce unrest. The two islands were then united from 1801 as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland but demands from indigenous Irish Catholics for independence continued, resisted by the Protestant minority who wished to remain inside the UK. After the Great War a solution was imposed that granted most of Ireland independence but left the largely Protestant northeast corner within the UK as Northern Ireland. Reaction to and life with the Irish border are considered and the paper concludes with musings about its future.

    Ireland, Northern Ireland, Borders, Divided islands

  6. AbstractKeywords

    This article studies the interconnection between song, endangered language and sonic activism on the island of Guernsey in the Channel Islands. The discussion focuses on the role of song as a vehicle for helping to nurture a context of language promotion, and how new traditional music culture has been created as a result of linguistic activism. One choir on Guernsey, La Guaine du Vouest (The Group from the West), has emerged as the predominant musical group that represents Guernsey’s Norman linguistic heritage through song. The purpose of this article is to present an ethnographic case study of this small island community choir as a way of showing musical culture in action as a result of linguistic decline. Special attention is given to describing the ways the group helps promote and sustain language through song in the 21st century, and particularly in connection with more recent cultural flows such as popular and well-known songs. It is argued that La Guaine du Vouest helps in the survival of an endangered language on a small island through its performance activism by adapting and expanding its repertoire, and that the group’s contemporary practices are part of an ongoing process of celebrating and (re-)inventing tradition where heritage and contemporary performance practices meet to re-shape and expand the repertoire of songs in Guernésiais.

    Endangered language, Guernsey, Guernésiais, Language, Language activism, Song

  7. AbstractKeywords

    Designed in 1964 as a symbol for the (then) fledgling Singaporean tourism industry that reflected Singapore’s maritime heritage, the Merlion – a figure comprising a lower half fish and upper half lion – has become a widely recognized icon of the modern island-state. But despite its prominence in representations of Singapore, the figure has divided opinion and generated debate amongst Singaporeans. Since the 1980s and increasingly in the 1990s and 2000s, artists, writers and critics have variously re-imagined and modified the Merlion in order to comment on aspects of Singapore’s national project. Prompted by the re-imagination of the Merlion at Singapore’s third Biennale of Arts (2011), this article develops comparisons to similar international symbols and analyses the role and historical trajectory of the Merlion in Singaporean society and the manner in which it has stimulated discussion of the island-state’s identity.

    Singapore, Merlion, Biennales, Symbolism, Tourism, Spectacularity

  8. AbstractKeywords

    For three decades, Iwaishima Islanders have rejected the proposal for a nuclear power plant to be built 3.5 km from their home. Located in the Suo-nada Inland Sea, which has miraculously escaped contamination, dredging of sand, or reclamation that damaged the Seto Inland Sea after WWII, the islanders maintain their livelihood by marketing fresh fish and organic produce. Based on studies on the biodiversity and recent interviews, some underlying reasons for their unyielding struggle have come to light: (1) some worked in Fukushima Daiichi NPP, and knew its damaging effects on human health and the bioregion; (2) islanders exchange goods and services, with minimal dependence on cash; and (3) they have revived the 10-century-old Kanmai(divine dance) festival held every 4 years.

    Biocultural diversity, Iwaishima Island, Kaminoseki Nuclear Power Plant, Seto Inland Sea

v1n1, 2012

  1. AbstractKeywords

    This article analyses the contemporary nature of the smoked tuna (ikan asar) trade in Ambon city (in Maluku province, eastern Indonesia) with particular regard to the operation of its central precinct along Piere Tendean Road, between the outer city suburbs of Galala and Hative Kecil, and the connection between this area and the region’s fishing grounds. The precinct is chosen as a focus since its location has been determined by a complex set of historically determined socio-political forces that are still actively in play. The article’s case study emphasises the dynamic nature of circumstances concerning the supply chain of products in locations experiencing substantial population growth, socio-cultural disruption and/or modernisation. The ‘foodways’ involved in the article’s case study are, thereby, not discrete and/or stable but, rather, volatile ones that have been variously shortcut, diverted and/or disrupted under external pressures of various degrees of magnitude and/or immediacy. The maintenance of the foodways involved has required adaptation, ingenuity and the investment of socio-cultural commitment over and above the simple inducement of commercial opportunity. The food product engendered by this dynamic system is therefore not purely a market commodity (as in a simplistic economic model) but rather a cultural one with distinct attributes and significance that crystallise the intersection of various spheres of human and environmental activity in a spatio-temporal context. In attempting to provide an analysis of Ambonese smoked tuna and its Galala–Hative Kecil precinct – and the context of the Ambonese circumstances that have delivered it – the article also reflects on the sustainability of the trade and the manner in which the dynamic development of the Ambonese population may overwhelm the adaptive potential of its entrepreneurs and patrons.

    Ambon, Smoked tuna, Foodways, Fisheries, Food heritage, Tourism, Sustainability

  2. AbstractKeywords

    Korea’s islands are mostly located along its western and southern coasts. The majority of these islands fall under the category of tidal-flat islands. More to the point, one of the main geographical and topographical characteristics of Korean islands is that they are surrounded by tidal flats. Therefore, Korean islands boast ecologically and biologically unique characteristics, as well as diversity, that set them apart from islands in other areas. Tidal flats are a virtual treasure trove where one can find various marine organisms. Local residents have been able to adjust to their environment by making use of the organisms found in tidal flats and the characteristics of islands. This has led them to create a unique island and maritime culture. To this end, the study of island culture requires not only an astute understanding of the ecological basis, biological process and human activities which become the background for cultural creation, but also of the interactions between these elements. Korea’s island culture was created amidst a unique maritime environment characterized by the achievement of spatial harmony between the tidal flats and islands. This cultural structure can be expected to continue for as long as the balance in terms of the ecosystem is preserved.

    Biocultural diversity, Tidal-flat islands, Dadohae, Island culture, Sustainability

  3. AbstractKeywords

    Islands and mainland coastal ranges are fragile systems rich in biological endemisms and ecological peculiarities. In these environments, the cultural heritage that represents an important component of the overall ecological complexity is under attack from human pressures (urban sprawl, logistics, fish farming and mass tourism). Among the most valuable resources pertaining to these environments, the overall emerging sounds (the soundscape) play a relevant role with respect to the maintenance of the sense of a place and its cultural value.

    The study of the soundscape requires an epistemology based mainly on the cognitive landscape perspective, and within this theoretical framework, the General Theory of Resources, the Eco-field hypothesis and the soundtope model are also important components. Among the methods used in soundscape ecology, the analysis of the frequency bins of the acoustic spectrogramcan provide proxies for understanding and interpreting acoustic patterns and processes in action across a landscape.

    The description of a case-study from a Tyrrhenian coastal system of Northern Italy, via the use of dedicated software and metrics, briefly illustrates the potential of soundscape ecology, which is entirely suitable for achieving a better understanding of the dynamics of island and mainland coastal systems.

    Islands, Coasts, Soundscape, Soundtope, Monitoring, Cultural heritage

  4. AbstractKeywords

    Bridging terrestrial and marine ecosystems, Mediterranean coastal littorals are important floral and faunal habitats and an important component of the traditional Mediterranean landscape mosaic. The expanding urban footprint in Mediterranean littorals is increasingly threatening semi-natural sites and agriculture in coastal landscape. This paper proposes a holistic landscape approach to the sustainable planning of coastal littorals arguing that it is more likely to succeed because it is integrative of the concerns for safeguarding environmental resources and conservation of biodiversity but also responsive to socio-economic concerns of securing agricultural livelihood and providing for the cultural needs for open/green spaces by the growing inhabitants of coastal cities. The challenge is to combine protection for the three seemingly disparate activities. The town of Damour on the Mediterranean coast of Lebanon is taken as a case study. The wide coastal, banana cultivated plain makes for an exceptionally verdant landscape and scenic reprieve in an otherwise predominantly urbanized coastline. The methodology of ecological landscape design is applied to secure a holistic reading of the physical setting and propose a holistic, integrative conceptual model for the protection of coastal biodiversity that is ecologically sensitive and in synergy with agricultural and cultural uses.

    Mediterranean, Coastal landscapes, Biodiversity conservation, Sustainable agriculture, Lebanon

  5. AbstractKeywords

    Japan is an island country which has nearly 7000 islands, of which only 421 islands are inhabited. Many of the remote (or small) islands had been left underdeveloped since prewar periods. In consequence, the disparity between the remote islands and mainland Japan widened, and thus, Japanese government undertook a development policy of remote islands based of the enactment of Remote Islands Development Act. The aim of the act was to eliminate “backwardness”, and full-fledged development of remote islands was launched by pouring a lot of national budget. The paper gives a brief history of remote islands development in Japan, and explains about the two types of remote islands development acts, and then, takes up the cases of Amami and Okinawa, and discusses about the changing role and meanings that these acts have brought.

    Remote island, Remote island development act, Amami islands, Okinawa islands

  6. AbstractKeywords

    With its rich maritime history, China possesses a wide range of maritime cultural heritage sites – including those found underwater, in coastal regions and/or in areas of continuing maritime activity (such as fishing and shipping) – as well as historical maritime activities and folklore. However, since the 1980s many of China’s maritime heritage sites have been endangered or destroyed as a result of rapid economic development and the ‘modern’ way of life. The problem now facing China is how best to prevent the negative impacts of modern economic development and the illegal activities that are destroying this rich heritage. Despite having established a series of laws and regulations in recent decades, and having signed the relevant UNESCO agreements, conventions and treaties, China must extend these measures and establish specialised protection laws and regulations in order to protect its maritime heritage. In addition, it must adopt a series of national policies aimed at prohibiting and penalising the illegal activities that place China’s maritime heritage at risk. In particular, there is a need to protect China’s maritime culture both in concept and in action, requiring both national actions and regional and international cooperation. This paper advocates a widening of the definition of ‘maritime heritage’ and provides specific recommendations regarding the specialised policies needed to ensure the protection of maritime heritage for future generations.

    China, Maritime heritage, Protection, Policy